Define Evidence Based Practice Health And Social Care Essay

Evidence based pattern is a cant that appeared in healthcare scenes in last decennary. Pressure from authorities bureaus on health care suppliers to present first-class clinical pattern additions importance in execution of grounds based pattern. In order to prolong effectual result in rehabilitation, is indispensable for clinician to attest evidence-based pattern into clinical made determination. The purpose of essay is to specify grounds based pattern ( EBP ) and execution of paradigm, EBP into occupational therapy procedure in Peter ‘s instance. In order to understand Peter ‘s instance paper draws information about his status, multiple induration ( MS ) . Essay will research evidence-based pattern through scope of researches in occupational therapy ( OT ) intercession, placing possible benefits for Peter ‘s wellbeing. Evidence-based pattern is one of most problematic procedure of last few decennaries. EBP developed and arouse from evidence-based medical specialty defined by Professor David Sackett and other bookmans, as an effort to happen best grounds to help healthcare professionals with doing best determinations for patients ( Bailey et al, 2007 ) . EBP is procedure where gathered best available grounds and clinical expertness assists clinical decision-making. Decision procedure is apprehensible for client, justifiable to other health care professionals, where gathered grounds ( through research procedure ) allows clinician to measure current pattern. Collaboration between patient satisfaction, clinical judgement, and up to day of the month information boom EBP to go powerful toll to underpin clinical intercession ( Taylor, 2000 ) . Definition of EBP is based on best grounds, clinical expertness, patient values, and fortunes where clinician takes under consideration all those elements in patter n scenes. Clinician is expected in EBP procedure to use unfavorable judgment, educational accomplishments and to recognize system of values meaningful for client ( Hoffman et al, 2009 ) . When using grounds into intercession clinician is proved to utilize accomplishments upon which he or she could judge and recognize best grounds for pattern. Hierarchy of grounds to recognize best grounds to underpin intercession ushers clinician ( Taylor, 2000 ) . Author as the strongest and most valid elevates systematic reappraisals and meta-analyses from all, through which clinician has entree to print and unpublished grounds. Taylor ( 2000 ) recognises ‘gold criterion ‘ grounds in randomize control tests ( RTC ) ; they are to be considered by healthcare professionals as effectual in intercession. Limited credibleness is given to non-experimental surveies, non-randomized tests, sentiments or experts treatment where degree of cogency is low. EBP takes signifier of several stairss to turn to information to relevant intercession: inquiring the inquiry, seeking for grounds, critically measuring grounds, collaborate grounds with clinical expertness and client personal values and eventually measure. The signifier of inquiry could find information about certain patient. Clinical inquiry includes several constituents: P – patient and/or job, I – intercession, C – comparative intercession ( optional, include if relevant ) , O – result ( PICO ) . For illustration, in Peter ‘s instance clinician through formulated clinical inquiry determines valid information about him: P -middle age male with multiple induration, I – occupational therapy, C- physical therapy, vocational therapy and O- benefit in patient good being ( Hoffmann et al, 2009 ) . Evidence research for PICO is a following measure for clinician. Valid information gathered through stairss of EBP procedure needs dependable beginning , where stuffs and mentions are found. Key facet of EBP is for clinician to hold entree to books, diaries, conferences, RCT, systematic reappraisals, and databases. Clinician is aided by presents engineering in journey to happen best grounds ; allied tool is internet where most of databases are placed. AMED, BNI, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, HEALTH BUSINESS ELITE, The Cochrane Database, and OTseeker are databases that aid and usher grounds based healer to develop sufficient and expressed grounds in clinical intercession ( Hoffmann et al, 2009 ) . Best grounds is determined by evidence-based clinician on cogency of grounds through hierarchy of research ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . Critical assessment of grounds clinician bases on RCT, where RCT could be best pick to underpin intervention options. EBP procedure is tailored to patient ‘s demands and beliefs, so client could experience sceptered and included in rehabilitation procedure. For illustration, in Peter ‘s instance client-centred occupational healer would concentrate on Peter ‘s precedences, which are employment and his cognition about MS. Although clinician in rehabilitation procedure manifests EBP, execution of EBP could be a challenge for both parties ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . Procedure can be clip devouring due to big sum of researches available. High demand to understand researches for both parties is seen as an obstruction. Therapist could hold limited cognition to carry on peculiar research or deficiency of understanding patient ‘s ends. However grou nds based healer could seek aid from current employer in ongoing preparation, communicate arouse issues with other wellness professionals and client or collaborate to carry on little group grounds based undertaking ( Lin et al, 2010 ) . Peter diagnosing is relapsing- remitting signifier of multiple induration. Harmonizing to National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( NICE, 2004 ) multiple induration is chronic, progressive disease of the cardinal nervous system, which affects immature and middle-aged grownups. MS causes harm to medulla, which is fatty substance surrounds the encephalon and spinal cord. Scare tissues within the encephalon or spinal cord replace medulla. Damage leads to disruption in ability of nervousnesss to carry on electrical urges. Persons affected by MS experience functional loss, including failing, weariness, spasticity and damages of knowledge, vision, address, get downing, intestine, and vesica map. MS occurs with an episode from which single recover full, after that, disease develops in certain signifier. NICE ( 2004 ) statistics shows that 80 % persons with MS are diagnosed with relapsing- remitting signifier of disease. Get worsing – remitting disease occurs when patients experien ce backsliding, which can last from 1 twenty-four hours to several months. Relapse occurs in loss of mobility, loss in map of vesica, loss of vision, general palsy of the voluntary musculuss. There is no patterned advance between backslidings. Multiple induration is long-run status with complex jobs, which requires broad scope of healthcare professions input: nurses, physicians, doctors, occupational healers and many more. At the present, there is no remedy for disease ( NICE, 2004 ) . Turning now to discourse evidence-based pattern occupational therapy intercessions, which could be good for Peter. Peter expresses symptoms of anxiousness, he does non cognize much about his status, he developed negative stereotype of physician due to deficient sum of information about his unwellness. Evidence based practician could construct curative relationship with Peter, for illustration by effectual communicated information about his status. Evidence based healer would inform patient about his status appropriate to his cognition abilities. Ongoing support, entree to information and advice on intervention could hold positive influence on patient experience during rehabilitation procedure ( Kopke et al, 2010 ) . Kopke et Al ( 2010 ) protocol high spots sufficient and equal information through different channels ( cusps, cyberspace and instruction plans ) allows patient to understand unwellness, to develop direction schemes and to avoid unrealistic outlook from rehabilitation procedure. Occupational healer could develop collaborative relationship with Peter through battle in doing determinations, medical intercessions, and new technological AIDSs tailored to single demands. For illustration, information procedure is tailored and designed for Peter ‘s degree of apprehensio n, Consequently Peter ‘s chief outlooks are reassured by occupational healer – to be included in rehabilitation procedure, fell heard and understood. Furthermore, patient can understand complexness of disease has pick in assorted intervention options and feels empowered ( Reynolds, 2005 ) . MS has impact on many countries on people life, where employment position concern persons, many may fight to stay in work function. Sweetland et Al ( 2007 ) undertook survey, where participants were tape recorded to demo outlooks and deductions for patients with MS in vocational market. Paper demonstrated demand in MS work force population entree to vocational rehabilitation, support public presentation in work topographic point, direction of anxiousness and fright from favoritism. Peter wellbeing is influenced by fright, uncertainness about employment position, deficient money income, and deteriorating wellness status. Define employment statute law to patient and employment rights, as a disable individual and supply vocational support ( Disability Employment Advisers and the Access to Work Scheme ) , could steer Peter to understand his position in work field ( Sweetland et al, 2007 ) . Evidence based practician could present Peter to statute law act. For illustration, Disability Dis crimination Act ( 1995 ) could demo Peter his rights as an employee. Information about eligibility to societal benefits allows service user to experience reassured about fiscal facet of life ( Johnson et al, 2004 ) . To assist in employment service occupational healer could intercede with Job Centre and local authorities governments ( council ) to accomplish fiscal grant for version in work environment harmonizing to patterned advance of unwellness. However, healer has to be aware about patient status at work. Peter complains about weariness ( overpowering fatigue ) and musculus cramp. Peter is a forklift truck driver, remain in same on the job environment could set on hazard himself and others. MS exposes persons to hazard of hurt because weariness could take to nausea, freak out, and loss of balance. Ongoing appraisal of work conditions is of import for persons to show jobs as they arise. Management of weariness symptoms, support from employer and work co-workers, flexible work ag enda, cognition development about societal benefits could hold positive impact on employment public presentation. Informing employer about unwellness would be of import due to wellness and safety issues, moreover to put up solutions in working environment. Taking into history Peter ‘s outlooks and demands grounds based pattern healer could develop intercession where Peter could prolong effectual employment ( Johnson et al, 2004 ) . Young and in-between age grownups are affected by Peter ‘s status ( MS ) . Assorted facets of single life are affected by unwellness. Disturbance occurs in instruction, employment, physical operation or disablement and of import to many sexual life. Clinically effectual healer using intercession in sexual life filed should take sensitive attack. Peter ‘s status would hold impact on his sexual public presentation, hence healer should concentrate on client-centred attack, adapt actions to carry through patient demands and outlooks. Often patients exhibit demands, but they do non show them, where upon that grounds based healer should use observation accomplishments and intuition in rehabilitation procedure ( Reynolds, 2005 ) . Insufficiency in curative apprehension of biographical breaks such as relationship dislocation due to hapless or absence of sexual activities can be a barrier between patient and healer. Effective communicating has a important function in active engage ment into rehabilitation where issues of sexual disfunction arise. Although, sexual life is meaningful demand of many persons, abashing nature of issue for patient and healer may act upon patient ‘s attachment to long-run intervention ( Reynolds 2005 ) . Evidence based practician acknowledges complexness of sexual disfunction reding patient to seek advice in collaborative services like reding. In Peter ‘s instance, client- centred healer through sensitive attack could turn to jobs with erectile disfunction or is prepared for comment from patient side. Evidence based practician could turn to Peter with pharmacological aid ( Viagra ) ; offer to see specializer in sexual jobs and advice how to utilize sexual AIDSs or accommodate sexual place ( NICE, 2004 ) . Multiple induration is long term neurological status. Harmonizing to World Health Organization ( WHO, 2008 ) , there is no intervention that can bring around MS. Evidence shows that cost of medical intervention can be expensive and it is merely limited to decelerate down patterned advance of disease. WHO papers ( 2008 ) high spots importance of rehabilitation procedure in MS. For illustration grounds, based healer could pull attending to direction schemes for unwellness. Occupational healer could demo Peter how to pull off weariness through maintaining day-to-day journal of activities, regular exercising and implement agenda of brakes between activities. Evidence based healer could intercede with other healthcare professions to advance client centred attack to MS. Result of coaction between multidisciplinary squad could be good for Peter. For illustration, evidence-based occupational healer could join forces with psychologist, where psychological science session could assist Peter ad just to, and header with MS. Finally yet significantly, rehabilitation procedure could better quality of his life ( WHO, 2008 ) . This overview of surveies is focused on efficiency of occupational therapy for Peter, who suffers from MS. Key aspect for grounds based pattern healer is to enable Peter to stay independent and supply him with accomplishable ends. Occupational therapy for Peter could hold problem-solving attack. Critically measuring their pattern grounds based occupational healer would make chances where Peter could heighten his life quality. Evidence based healer would seek advice from other wellness attention professions and authorities bureaus, local governments to advance effectual and sustainable employment position. Effective communicating between occupational therapy and Peter would construct profession relationship, which could be a span to prosecute patient in lifetime rehabilitation journey. Empathic, client centred occupational therapy procedure would be perceive as allied tool to assist Peter to understand his hard and complex unwellness. However, occupational healer would non be able to handle his status, however evidence-based occupational healer could assist Peter prolong his independency and enable Peter to recover feeling of ‘normality ‘ . Mentions: Bailey, D. , M. , Bornstein, J. , & A ; Ryan, S. ( 2007 ) . A instance study of evidence-based pattern: From academe to clinic. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61 ( 1 ) , 85-91. Disability Discrimination Act 1995. ( 1995 ) London: HMSO Hoffmann, T. , Bennett, S. , Del Mar, C. ( 2009 ) . Evidence-Based Practice Across the Health Care Professions. Australia: Elsevier. Johnson, K. , L. , Amtmann, D. , Yorkston K. , M. , Klasner, E. , R. , Kuehn, C. , M. ( 2004 ) . Medical, Psychological, Social, and Programmatic Barriers to Employment for Peoples with Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Rehabilitation. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? Ver=1 & A ; Exp=10-27-2015 & A ; FMT=7 & A ; DID=577472521 & A ; RQT=309 & A ; cfc=1 [ Accessed 28 October 2010 ] Kopke, S. , Solari, A. , Khan, F. , Heesen, C. , Giordano, A. ( 2010 ) . Information proviso for individuals with multiple induration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10. Art. No. : CD008757. Department of the interior: 10.1002/14651858.CD008757. Lin, S. , H. , Murphy, S. , L. , Robinson, J. , C. ( 2010 ) . Facilitating Evidence-Based Practice: Procedure, Strategies, and Resources. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64 ( 1 ) , 164-171. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and the National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions ( 2004 ) Multiple Sclerosis: National clinical guideline for diagnosing and direction in primary and secondary attention. London: Royal College of Physicians. Reynolds, F. ( 2005 ) . Communication and Clinical Effectiveness in Rehabilitation. London: Elsevier. Sweetland, J. , Riazi, A. , Cano, S. , J. , Playford, E. , D. ( 2007 ) . Vocational rehabilitation services for people with multiple induration: what patients want from clinicians and employers. Multiple Sclerosis. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? Ver=1 & A ; Exp=11-09-2015 & A ; FMT=7 & A ; DID=1370288031 & A ; RQT=309 [ Accessed on 10 November 2010 ] Taylor, M. , C. ( 2000 ) . Evidence- based pattern for occupational healers. Oxford: Blackwell Science.World Health Organisation ( 2008 ) . Atlas multiple induration resources in the universe 2008. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/Atlas_MS_WEB.pdf [ Accessed on 28 October 2010 ]Student figure: 1041133Discuss the strengths and restrictions of the educational cusp that you developed within a little group during HH1103 seminars.The purpose of this essay is rating of educational and communicational stuff in signifier of cusp based on Helen instance, who suffers from Juvenile Chronic Arthritis ( JCA ) . Essay draws definition of status and find how cusp is presented and why. Furthermore, paper demonstrates leaflet restrictions and strengths and how good meets it purpose. The intent of the cusp was to inform Helen and her parents, in simple signifier and mode, about her condition-JCA. Furthermore, cusp is designed to go through mes sage about available services, signifier of rehabilitation, and direction of JCA. Leaflet chief subject is concentrated around solutions in life manner and rehabilitation for 14-year-old miss Helen. Leaflet is designed upon Helen personal experience and her unwellness JCA. JCA is status, which affects articulations in kids, age under 16 old ages old. One in 1000 kids in United Kingdom is affected ; in relation to gender, females are impacted more than males. Skin haste, joint puffiness, febrility, alteration in temper are symptoms associated with JCA. Rehabilitation procedure has successful rate in bulk instances ; it enables single to continue normal rate of growing and psychological development ( Arthritis Care, 2010 ) . The cusp is composed in simple signifier where colorful strategy would pull Helen ‘s attending. Choice of the colors is non sponsoring, it is modern and does non hold important impact on cost of bring forthing the cusp ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . When it comes to artworks, images suggest activities in which Helen could prosecute and present to the remainder of the household importance of active life style. For illustration, image of the household in swimming pool displayed on the forepart of the cusp, illustrates intending to rehabilitation procedure. Furthermore, it encourages Helen and her household to take part in activity. Swiming Sessionss could actuate household to pass quality clip together and authorise Helen in her unwellness. The National Health Service ( NHS ) logo could be discouragement for Helen, doing cusp to functionary. However, it could be invitation point for her parents, where it could be a beginning of credibleness ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . The font size is clear and information flow through the cusp. Information is arranged in little intersections to do more apprehensible for kids. It was of import to implement slug points where possible so leaflet draws attending and it is non deadening, but has patient friendly-text facet. Identify beginning of information is distinguished where it proved cusp to be honorable usher to JCA ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . It was precedence to turn up information about medical intervention. Helen conformity with medicine is deficient. Information introduced in cusp could carry her to follow guidelines from GP related to her medical intervention. There is some grounds, where written information about medicine has benefits on patients ‘ results: like cognition or conformity ( Nicolson et al, 2009 ) . Conformity with medicine could be good for Helen by cut downing degree of hurting ; subsequently medicine would cut down swelling of the articulations and enable Helen in active engagement in physical signifier of intervention. The country where cusp informs patient about medicine could be less enlightening. Information about medicines could be to formal for Helen by seting her off. However, cusp could steer Helen into different beginning of information ( cyberspace or other cusps ) , where medicine is explained in simple linguistic communication, and inside informations possible side effects ( Nicolso n et al, 2009 ) . It is a challenge to develop cusp for the patient with low readability and those who expect information that is more specific. Determine whether the cusp linguistic communication is comprehendible and suited for bulk of population is based on Reading Ease mark ( Reynolds, 2005 ) . Language used in cusp is clear to average 13-14 twelvemonth old kid. Simple and apparent linguistic communication could be easy to retrieve. Verbal information could be easy forgot or misunderstood during patient audience session. Written information could hence patient engagement in rehabilitation ( Dixon-Woods, 2001 ) . Medical slang is reduced to minimum when explicating JCA. Adequate cognition about status explained in apparent linguistic communication could be a signifier of instruction. Available intervention options for Helen ‘s status could authorise her parents in decision-making procedure ( Dixon-Woods, 2001 ) . However, if patients who would wish to research status in more inside informatio ns, cusp should supply more equal information in last subdivision of cusp. Overall, construct of the cusp is good. Leaflet is non merely about patient information, but has legion advice and solutions for Helen and her household. Therefore, it seems reasonable that cusp ushers reader to seek advice in extra services. Group could implement few betterments in some countries. Where needed squad could concentrate on board populace and made it leaflet less official. Furthermore, would be good if cusp explore more about occupational therapy and physical therapy rehabilitation for Helen. Nevertheless, cusp achieved it chief intent: to pass on information about Helen ‘s status to her and household.

A Night To Forget

The wind blow violently through the church-yard, wiping the hair off of Abi's face, as she looked down at her mothers grave. At the corner of a church a man with dark hair and piercing green eyes stared across at her. â€Å"It's no good girls we are going to have to call it a night. It's been absolutely fantastic, hard to believe it's my last night as a single woman, but I will be in no fit state to get married tomorrow if we don't go now,† wailed Jeannie. The mob of giggling girls tumbled out of the night-club, none of them noticing the tall dark man who floated out after them. Wanna lift home Rachel, we're all taking a cab,† screamed one of the girls, clutching on to Jeannie with one hand round her neck holding her upright. â€Å"No, I'm fine you lot, I've drank a bit much, perhaps walking home will clear my head. Anyway it's not far. † â€Å"Ok Rachel, we all know you can look after yourself,† said Jeannie with a wink, and a fit of laughter met her words. With a last fleeting look at the remnants of the wild hen night, Rachel turned to walk the few streets home. Rachel turned the corner, humming softly to herself reminiscing about the night and her friends, † I cant believe there's only one of us left who's still single,† she spoke the words with slight regret, â€Å"At least Jeannie found the man she had always wanted†. â€Å"Pete wouldn't be too happy about the man that was paying me rather too much attention, in the night-club. I wish he was going to be home tonight, we could talk more about, perhaps, getting married ourselves†. She hugged herself at the thought, perhaps it would be her turn to get married next! At that moment two men in the park caught her eye both walking quickly but far apart from one another. One had a huge German shepherd which wagged its tail at the sight of her, but as the man bent down to reprimand it, and she smiled to herself, â€Å"There are loads of people out tonight must have been something big going on†. She debated if she should cut through the park, â€Å"Should I, shan't I, well it'll be quicker. † She crossed the street and entered the park, the swings were squeaking, and the wind whistled through the trees, picking up speed and making her hair cover her face. Someone coughed behind her, she jumped in the air, peering around she breathed a sigh of relief, it was only the butcher Frank. She greeted him and carried on home, the wind continued whistling around her. There was a huge rustling in the evergreen bushes near her feet, she held her breath and looked pointedly up at the increasingly darkening sky, until she felt something brush her hand. She looked down suddenly at the wet floor, the black tarmac path covered with a festering film of moss and the sight that met her eyes was very surprising as it was the great shaggy head of the German Shepherd she had seen earlier. Rain started pouring down in droplets the size of 50 pence pieces and began running of gutters and roofs, the rain plastering her hair to her sweaty face as though buckets of water were being repeatedly dropped on her head. The moon which had given her light, now became covered by the heavy black storm clouds, and it was the occasional lightening strike which seemed to land increasingly closer each time which gave a second of illumination before plunging the street around her into darkness yet again. The sound of a fire alarm rang in the distance but she focused her mind it wasn't something for her to deal with tonight. She started to walk quicker, and glanced behind her but the man seemed to be the same distance away, she broke into a frantic kind of run, her face contorting as she tried to keep her mind, she was so close to the end of the park. As she rounded the next bend, only two streets away from her house, she felt the hairs on the back of her neck stand up. She peered over her shoulder and was more than a little bit surprised to see the man who had been walking across the park behind her. His hair was dark, and he was exceedingly tall, was he the man who had flirted with her at the night-club? His face was covered in shadow and his eyes were looking at the floor and his hands were in his pockets. She sighed, of course, she did live in a busy area it wasn't that odd for someone to be walking this way. She carried on walking checking behind her every now and then and becoming increasingly worried that after several minutes he still was following her, this couldn't possibly be normal, could it? She started humming again but the tune was slightly distorted as her breathing became shallow and she had to gasp for air as her throat was constricting. She plunged her hand into her bag, it crawling around searching, searching for her keys. Pete always complained that she could never find her keys, suddenly her hand grasped around then. The lights in the house were out, her flat mate wasn't in either, she sprinted up the drive to the house, one last lightening strike making her panic stricken face light up, â€Å"shit, shit† she cried thrusting the bent key into the lock. She gave one vital turn on the key and hear the lock snap open, she threw the door open and slammed it shut behind her and leant back on the door her breath coming out in great rasping breaths. She gave a huge sigh of relief and sunk down onto the rough, wooden floor. â€Å"He was probably innocent and wasn't doing anything wrong but, phew that was just too scary†. Rachel, slowly got to her feet and climbed the winding staircase made of old pine with the creaky first step. As here feet found there way to tiled landing floor she pushed open the door and slowly made her way through the catastrophic mess of books and clothes that was her bedroom all scattered over a periwinkle blue carpet. She then slowly tiptoed through the junk to the bathroom and leant over the bath to turn on the exceedingly rusty, hot tap. A sound met here ears which could not have had anything to do with her, the step at the bottom of the stair had given an almighty creak, her head shot up and she turned to face the door on to the landing. â€Å"That couldn't have been anybody. No I must have imagined it. † Rachel then slipped out of her pale lilac, dress which had rested a couple of inches above her knobbly knees, and pulled on her woollen dressing gown. The water flooded into the bath as she made her way out of the room and slowly descended the old staircase and stumbled into the kitchen, â€Å"I must have drunk far too much† she moaned softly slightly slurring each word. She reached for kettle to fill it with water only to notice the tap was dripping. That couldn't have been her, so she leant forward to turn it on properly. The door creaked behind her and she spun round, no one was there but the door was swinging slowly. Open, shut, open, shut. She crept to the door, but before she had got two paces across the room she uttered a small, quickly stifled shout. She felt something-soft winding itself between her legs. It was Emily, her cat. Rachel got back up from stroking her scary little friend to turn the dripping tap off. No longer was it dripping. She shook her head violently, blond hair cascading over her face, â€Å"no one is in here, its fine. † She cautiously, walked through the door into the hall and felt the soft sheepskin rug rub between her toes, her heart beating hard against her ribcage, and her palms oozing sweat. She turned the corner to climb the stairs, and silently ascended the stairs yet again, and she walked into the bathroom. The water was no longer running, this was no longer a joke someone had to be in the house? â€Å"Raquel are you here? Please tell me your joking around? Its not funny you know, please come out,† she cried into the silence her breath coming out in short gasps, her eyes flitting from the landing and the stairs to her bedroom, the two closest places to her. She fled down the stairs to the kitchen her feet echoing loudly, on the wooden steps. â€Å"No. No, who's in here,† her shouts went unanswered in the big house. She leant back wards against the kitchen ledge and put her hands behind her each on a part of the kitchen worktop. She squeezed her hands against the rough marbled side, and felt some thing rustle under one of her palms. She picked it up, a single scrap of paper and turned round to read it on the kitchen side. Looking forward to seeing you again sweetheart. Her hands began to tremble, and the hairs on the back of her neck stuck up. Bang! The door swung open on its hinges. â€Å"I told you we would meet again†. He said smirking at her, his eyes looking her up and down, his gaze then lingering on her face. â€Å"Y-y-you, shouldn't b-be in here†. She stammered. â€Å"What do u mean I shouldn't be in here, darling. I'm in love with you. We are destined to be together. † â€Å"You've no right to be in here, how'd you get in† Rachel said her voice slightly stronger now, as she regained her senses after the shock of seeing him there. â€Å"Why, do all, of the girls say that, I hated it when the other girls said that! † he said, his greasy voice becoming less cosseting and more fierce. W-w-what do you mean by others,† the stammers returned, her fears now staring her in the face as she realised what he could do. â€Å"Oh, I just meant the other women I liked, not that they are still around anymore. They decided they didn't like me. † His voice suggesting that this was nothing out of the ordinary. â€Å"There was, Miranda, Polly, Florenec and, oh, Abi. † He said counting them off on his fingers. â€Å"W-what do you mean there not around anymore? † she asked tentatively. â€Å"What do you think I mean darling? † he replied. Trying to placate him she responded, â€Å"oh, I expect you mean that they just moved away. † He laughed, â€Å"course they did darling, moved to heaven or hell. † Rachel realised that the man in her house was seriously deranged and that she was in mortal danger. She knew she needed to get away from him, as quickly as possible, but with legs that felt like jelly she wasn't sure how she would achieve this. A strange clicking noise could just be heard coming from the direction of the hall they both turned to it, he asked sharply, â€Å"what's that? She replied, â€Å"Oh I often here that noise I don't know what it is, don't worry about it, knowing that it was the door bell with its nearly flat battery. Rachel knew that all she needed to do now was get to the doorbell with out alerting his suspicions. Suddenly with no warning he lunged forward, wrapping his muscular arm around her defenceless neck. He hissed in her ear, â€Å"Do you think I'm stupid there is someone at the door isn't there? † Rachel slumped forward, her weight catching him unprepared, he staggered under her weight. Suddenly a sharp pain shot through his lower body, he stepped backwards shaking his head, moaning â€Å"what's going on,† not quite comprehending what was happening and completely unprepared for the next sharp blow that struck him over the head knocking him to the floor. There was a huge commotion at the front door, clearly somebody was trying to open it without the benefit of a key. The door suddenly gave way and several huge men powered through the door looking around, in there midst was a familiar hairy face. As the men dealt with the now unconscious would be attacker, Rachel buried her head in Rex the German shepherds shaggy coat. She took a deep breath and turned to her colleagues to ask, â€Å"what the hell kept you. † Her inspector patted her on the back saying, † well done Sergeant you played your role well, the way you stumbled home those orange juices must have been very strong but at least this murdering bastered will soon be under lock and key. â€Å"By the way sergeant exactly w2hat did you do to him before we got here? † she replied smiling, â€Å"that's what comes from having a boyfriend who's a Karate 6th Dan. The operation went smoothly enough, mind you I though Rex was gonna blow our cover when he came to see me through the bushes in the park! â€Å"

Ethnology and Ethnography

Word Count: Dana Trippe Anthropology Essay #2 10/1/2012 There are two major approaches to collecting information about human culture: ethnography and ethnology. Each approach has a specific goal. Each approach employs a variety of methods for data collection and analysis, all of which carry benefits but also challenges. Along with the challenges of data collection, field anthropologists face an additional set of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. Anthropology is a difficult field but provides an important perspective on cultural diversity.Ethnography and Ethnology both attempt at reaching certain goals. Ethnography is a written description of a culture based on data gathered from fieldwork, characterized by two methods, participant observation and interviews. When an anthropologist is researching through participant observation, they are attempting to study a culture while still trying to maintain the eye of an objective observer. Another form of getting data for ethnograp hy is through interviews. Through interviews, either formal or informal, the anthropologist is attempting to gather and collect notable data.Formal interviews are more scripted and reduce the situational bias the anthropologists may experience. Informal interviews are more open ended questions that allow the informant to talk about what they think is more important in their culture. These interviews can help paint a more actual description of culture of what their beliefs and lifestyles are, instead of an â€Å"ideal culture†. Sterk stated that the interviewer becomes much more involved in the interview when conversations are in-depth, more than when a structured questionnaire is being used (Sterk 2000: 27).Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. Ethnology is the comparative study of cultures with the aim of pre senting analytical generalizations about human culture. Anthropologists do not rely on data from just one study to make interpretive statements about human conditions (Lenkeit: 16). Ethnology also uses forms of quantification, to help make their data easily comparable, and recordable. Ethnography employs two methods of research, articipant observation and interviews. . This method can give an accurate view of the culture from an insider’s perspective. To truly discover the bits and pieces of a culture, subculture, or micro culture, one must commit to spending extensive time in that cultural environment (Lenkeit: 13). In the field, anthropologists can also deal with daily challenges. These challenges can include food problems, safety and health issues, , culture shock, and are also very prone to catching diseases (Lenkeit 2012: 56). Napoleon Chagnon endured an incident with his health while doing fieldwork with the Yonomamo people of Southern Venezuela.Chagnon recounted that h e reacted violently to something in the field, and red welts appeared all over his body. He was weak, nauseated, thirsty, and couldn’t breathe well. The pain was rough but it can be something most anthropologists will experience in the field. † (Chagnon 1974: 174) In American culture, privacy is something people expect to have, and may even take for granted. Martha Ward reported her work with the people of Pohnpeian as a constant challenge. She said that privacy is a bad word in Pohnpeian, but she craved privacy like a physical ache and lusted to be alone (Lenkeit 2012: 56).Chagnon also yearned for privacy while in the field. He said the hardest thing to learn to live with was the incessant and often aggressive demands and threats they would make. Chagnon recounted that day and night for almost the entire time he lived with the Yanomamo, he was plagued by such demands as: ‘If you don’t take me with you on your next trip to Widokaiyateri, I’ll chop a hole in your canoe! ’ and ‘Give me an ax or I’ll break into your hut when you are away and steal all of them! ’ he was bombarded by such demands day after day, until he could not bear to see a Yanomamo at times (Chagnon 1968: 5).It can be very challenging to become adjusted to the cultures lifestyle, where these constant problems occur. Ethnographers also conduct their research through interviews. Interviews are a direct way to gather information, but sometimes they can be faulty. Informal and formal interviews can both come with benefits. They both give in-depth information about the subjects lives, coming directly from the subject. But, there are cases where the informant will give false information, idealize their lives, and simply not want to cooperate. Chagnon used interviews to record genealogical lines of the Yanomamo people.When Chagnon attempted to record all of the names and family lines of the Yanomamo people, they would give false information. They have very stringent name taboos and eschew mentioning the names of prominent living people as well as all deceased friends and relatives. The Yanomamo did not have much entertainment in their lives, so they took any chance they could get to mess around with the â€Å"white man† and get entertainment from it. Each ‘informant’ would try to outdo his peers by inventing a name even more preposterous than what Chagnon had been given by someone earlier. Chagnon 1968: 6) Also, it can be hard to construct interviews when there are language barriers, such as language. Chagnon did not know what language the Yanomamo spoke, because he was the first civilized white man to come into their village. Chagnon had to go back to his years of childhood, where language had to be slowly and carefully learned. It took him a long time to finally understand the language, but after, he could get descriptive information from the villagers about their history and culture (Video). Ethno logy includes methodological approaches of making comparisons and quantifications.Comparisons can help the anthropologist compare current and previously recorded data. They can see differences across different cultures, and changes that have occurred over time within a culture. Comparisons are commonly made within one culture. Sterk found that there were vast differences between the prostitutes living on the streets, and those living in crack houses. Those who lived in crack houses were less likely to give informal interviews because they always had their pimp looking over their shoulder. Also she made comparisons on when the women made their customers wear condoms.They would make their decisions depending on the different types of partners, types of sex acts, and social context. (Sterk 2000: 26). Another form of comparisons is across two different cultures. When Laura Bohannon was doing fieldwork with the Tiv of West Africa she found that the village was formed around story telling . They wanted to hear a story of hers so she went on to tell the story of Hamlet, and could instantly pick up on differences in their cultures. When Bohannon told them that Hamlet was sad his mother had married so quickly, and had not waited the two year mourning period.The villagers objected â€Å"two years is too long! Who will hoe your farms for you while you have no husband? † and when she said Hamlet talked to his dead father, they screamed â€Å"Omens cannot speak! † The villagers changed the story to their liking, so that it would fit their standards better (Bohannon 1966: 2). Cultures all are unique and have different standards that go hand in hand with them. Other comparisons are ones that can be made over time, which can also be the faultiest data. When Margaret Meade went to Samoa for fieldwork in the 1930's, she collected data that the girls in Samoa were quite promiscuous.When Anthropologist, Derrick Freeman, went to Samoa to update the data in the 1970's he reported that the girls were actually very shy and not promiscuous. Comparisons can lead to misleading data, because a culture may have changed drastically over a certain period of time. This comparison is variable because the definition of â€Å"promiscuous† could have changed over that many years and even the Samoan standards could have changed. (Lecture 9/10/12) The other ethnological method is that of quantification. Quantification is the anthropologist translating their studies into numerical or quantitative data.Humans can see information quantified every day, from the daily weather reports, to political poles. (Lecture 9/10/12) Numerical data gives good magnitude and is easy to compare. Usually to collect this data they use samples. They can use a random sample that tries to eliminate bias by giving everyone an equal chance to get interviewed. Samples can usually be very faulty, for the reason that sample sizes are usually not big enough, and to not represent enough people or information to make an accurate assessment of a culture.This data gives people a better understanding of data but can sometimes be manipulated and misleading (Lenkeit: 64). Ethnology and Ethnography can each come with their own sets of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. These issues usually appear when the anthropologist is in direct contact with their research and subjects. Numerous ethical and moral issues appear when the anthropologist is in the field of participant observation and it can be hard for them to stay objective. Anthropologists prepare themselves for these challenges with resources like the American Anthropologist Association.Because Anthropologists can find themselves in complex situations and are subject to more than one code of ethics, the AAA code of ethics provides a framework, not an iron clad formula, for making decisions. (Lenkeit: 50) Claire Sterk was doing fieldwork with a group of prostitutes in the New York area, where she came across these kind of decisions. The women would repeatedly refuse to make the men they slept with to wear condoms, even though the risk of HIV and AIDS was huge in their lives. She as concerned for them, but also could not get too involved in fear of insulting the women. There is an ethical line for anthropologists that can often become blurry. (Sterk 2000:26) With these methods, there is the challenge of ethnocentrism, because if an anthropologist thinks that their culture is the center of the world, they will not be able to comprehend other cultures in an objective way, and instead think of them as primitive beings that are not living the right way. Anthropologists must remember to enter their fieldwork using the perspective of cultural relativism.Cultural relativism is the idea that and aspect of a culture must be viewed and evaluated within the context of that culture. In cultures like the Massai, where female circumcision is regarded from a different perspective by the rest of the wo rld, people must use cultural relativism to understand their practices. According to their traditions and practices, it is meant to have a positive rather than a negative effect on the girl. It is supposed to reduce a woman’s desire for sex and reduce immorality. Another thing is that traditionally, it is a rite of passage.It marks the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood. The fact that their practices are much different than those of more developed cultures shouldn’t lead to them being seen harshly or as less intelligent. (Olekina 2006) With this perspective anthropologists can more objectively describe a cultural system and all of the customs, beliefs, and activities, that fit into it. This approach leads to a greater awareness, tolerance, and acceptance of the culture the anthropologist is studying. (Lenkeit 2012:17) Anthropologists collect most of their data through ethnology and ethnography.They must overcome the obstacles in order to get to the goals t hat Ethnography and Ethnology try to reach. When doing fieldwork, moral and ethical issues can plague anthropologist’s research, and they learn to adapt to these issues in order to gather necessary data, observation, interviews, comparisons, and quantification all have their own ways of deriving information. Each method has its faults, and can be misleading, but all anthropological methods attempt to unravel all of the bits and pieces that make a culture what it is.

Andy Warhol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Andy Warhol - Research Paper Example Brief Biographical Profile Andy Warhol has been regarded as a pop artist and cultural icon of the 20th century (The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts). Born on the 6th of August, 1928 in Oakland, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Andy’s full name was actually Andrew Warhola. He was the youngest of three children and was diagnosed of being afflicted with a rare neurological disorder (The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts par. 3). The disorder provided the impetus for Andy’s orientation to DC comic books and the celebrity magazines that proliferate during his time. He pursued a degree in Pictorial Design from the Carnegie Institute of Technology and graduated in 1949 (The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts par. 3). His official website revealed that â€Å"building on the emerging movement of Pop Art, wherein artists used everyday consumer objects as subjects, Warhol started painting readily found, mass-produced objects, drawing on his extensive advertising background† (The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts par. 5). In Open Culture, it was disclosed that Warhol decided to abruptly quit painting and delve into both music and film making. In this regard, the essay aims to describe contents and aesthetics of the Andy Warhol's work, particularly focusing on the controversial â€Å"anti-films†: Sleep, Eat and Kiss, with the ultimate objective of responding to the question :"why it is art?". Sleep As the title depicts, Warhol’s first film, Sleep, shot a man in deep slumber with the shot taken from different views, initially from the foot as the person taking the film with only the face in clear perspective.

Distinguishing Share Capital And Loan Capital Essay

Distinguishing Share Capital And Loan Capital - Essay Example This paper would go to investigate difference between share capital and loan capital, paying meticulous attention to the way in which loan capital may be secured1 Corporate borrowing where this is done by debentures or debenture Stock it also examines the types of charge that companies can issue to Creditors is floating and fixed charges. The priority of secured creditors is considered together with an examination of the registration requirements for charges. Membership of a company limited by shares is based on an undertaking to Contribute capital to the company in payment for shares issued by the company. The amount of capital to be contributed is a matter for agreement between each Member and the company but once the agreed amount has been contributed neither the company nor its creditors may demand a further contribution2. The contributed capital of a company is used by it to make profits, which may be shared among is members if the company is wound up when it is solvent, the contributed capital may be returned to members but if it has to be wound up when it is insolvent then all the assets acquired with the members contributed capital will have to be used to pay the company debts and nothing will be returned to the members. As well as sharing in profits the members of a company normally jointly control it by appointing directors to manage the company affairs. In many private companies, of course, the members are also the directors. A member of a company who contributes more capital than another will want a proportionally greater share in distribution of the company profits and also a greater influence on the company affairs (i.e., more votes at members meetings). The extent of a members undertaking to contribute capital, and of entitlement to share in distributions and vote at meetings, are all related to the number and class of shares of the company that the member holds a description of each member. Shareholding must be entered against the members name in the company register of members (CA 2006, s 113). A share is essentially a limit of account for measuring a member's interest in a company. Each share is required to have sum of capital assigned to it as its nominal value (s 542) and this is the size of the unit of account. The nominal value of a share is the minimum value that a company must demand to receive as contributed capital in exchange for the share so if Textbook Examples Co plc, has only one class of members and the nominal value of each of its shares is 50p, and I undertake to contribute 5000 worth of capital to the company I Cannot expect to be allotted more than 10,000 of its shares. Moreover, the company must not offer to allot me more than 10,000 of its 50p shares as an incentive to me to contribute only 5,000 worth of capital because to do so would distort the way in which the shares allotted to me measure my interest in the company (s 580) it is however permissible for a shareholder to undertake to contribute more for shares than their nominal value -the excess is called share premium Capital contributed in exchange for shares, apart from share premium, is called share capital. Having undertaken

Social Work Mental Health Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Work Mental Health - Literature review Example Social workers themselves can, in turn, influence people to raise their own levels of self confidence through the positive work that they do, as well as the quality services that they provide (Gray & Schubert 2010). The degree of expertise that a social worker has, and the skill sets that they come into the position with, largely depends on the quality of the training that they have received. With this in mind, it can be said that social workers need to be trained to take it upon themselves to improve their own effectiveness in work with individuals that have a mental illness, all in an effort to perform the various job functions assigned to them with excellence. To accomplish this objective will require possessing the ability to manage a complex discipline, in addition to the challenging situations that arise on a daily basis, in order to provide maximum benefit to both the individual and to society as a whole. The focus of the following literature review is to provide the reader wi th a cursory overview of the function that social workers play within the treatment of mentally ill individuals, as well as a critical analysis of two health models that more effectively cover this topic in depth (Bogg 2014). Recent trends indicate that social workers can literally transform the lives of people that have a mental health condition. This demonstrates their significance in modern society (Allen 2014). This is accomplished through their ability to improve the quality of services provided to people that have a mental illness and through the dedication exhibited by social workers, as they are the very professionals trained and this field and possess the capability to truly make a difference in this discipline. It should be mentioned, as well, that the field of mental health is a ripe area for the practice of social work, and within this context such individuals are well positioned to impact society in a positive manner. Social workers do provide

Water consumption research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water consumption research - Essay Example son with Nestle).Even for white-collar workers in big cities like Beijing and Shanghaiï ¼Å'it would be a considerable cost if they choose only Evian as drinking water. Bottled water is a ubiquitous commodity and its consumption continues to increase rapidly(Wilk, 2006). It is frequently studied with comparison to tap waterï ¼Å'or be criticized for single-serve disposable containers and not sustainable (Azoulay et al 2001; Doria 2006; Ferrier 2001). In Chinaï ¼Å'I was not a consumer of Evianï ¼Å'as there were many cheaper alternatives. And I would not be surprised if some rich Chinese drink Evian every day.Howeverï ¼Å'according to my memoriesï ¼Å'some young people, who were students and did not earn money, claim that they were fans of Evian, who never forget to take one bottle of Evian when they had group activities, like taking an LV. It seems that this kind of behavior is a new way of ‘conspicuous consumption’)in everyday lifeï ¼Å'which is definitely unsustainable (Wilk, 2006). On the other hand, irrational consumers just buy a product out of pulse and some of them are not aware of the forces that drive them to buy the product. For these consumersï ¼Å'the meaning of this bottled water is far beyond Marx’s use-value is more concerned with the benefits sought from using a particular product. The customers seek different benefits from a particular and this significantly plays a major role in influencing their behaviour to buy such product (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). For those people, what kind of magic does Evian have to get them pay for it? With this in mind, I suppose researching the ways in which people consume expensive bottled water while much cheaper alternatives are abundant would provide a stimulating focus. This research aims to explore in the case of Evian consumptionï ¼Å'the kind of meanings the consumer creates and find them in Evian. Through this consumption, what information about herself does she want to communicate to others? Also, this research aims to

Managing Business Process- Coca Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Analysis of Ice Delight Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Ice Delight - Case Study Example Most importantly, ICEDELIGHTS occupies its own niche in the market of ice cream, selling Italian "gelati," and company's core competence lies in ability to freeze "gelati" and sell them on the premises of each store location. From financial perspective, ICEDELIGHT constitutes a rather expensive franchise, comparing with other offers available on the market. Simultaneously, this new and unproven venture can yield significant profit in the light of the investment required. Moreover, the purchase of ICEDELIGHTS' franchise guarantees to a franchisee exclusive rights to operate in the entire state of Florida. From the critical viewpoint Rogers, Daniels and Garfield purchasing a rather unproven franchise ICEDELIGHTS risk experiencing liabilities of being new and lacking expertise in retail business. Practically, these aforementioned liabilities are characterized by the many challenges faced by new ventures, which include access to resources and knowledge capital, which larger and more established firms are more equipped to handle (Markman & Baron, 2003).

Research methods on financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research methods on financial management - Essay Example This paper analysis the Fishers hypothesis using data for the UK over the last 20 years, the main aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between interest rate and inflation, the main aim of this analysis is to show that real interest rate is equal to expected inflation rate plus nominal interest rates, the paper also analysis the underlying theories that depict the relationship between the variables. Interest rates and inflation are important economic variables, high levels inflation in an economy shows that there is something wrong in the economy and policy makers will try and reduce the high inflation rate. However the Fishers model may not hold in the short run given that the policy makers may alter interest rates in the short run, a study by Yuhn (1996) showed that the relationship between interest rate and inflation was stronger over the long run than in the short run. The Fishers hypothesis depicts that nominal interest rates do not depend on monetary policy measures and that there is a positive relationship between nominal interest rate and the expected inflation rate. The Fisher hypothesis model states that real interest rate is equal to nominal interest rate plus expected inflation rate stated as R = I + ÃŽ  e where R is real interest rate, ÃŽ  e is the expected inflation rate and I is nominal interest rate. The Fishers hypothesis model is also stated as I =ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²ÃŽ  et where I is nominal interest rate and ÃŽ  et is expected inflation. The value of ÃŽ ² is expected to be positive and a value of ÃŽ ² = 1 shows the strong version of the Fishers hypothesis. The paper analysis the correlation between the variables and help identify whether there is a strong positive relationship between inflation and nominal interest rate, however the correlation coefficient value only shows how two variables move together and this means that there is need to run a regression model that states the

Trip itinerary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Robin Hood Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Robin Hood Case Analysis Essay Robin Hood Case Analysis BY JAZZY08 In the Robin Hood case, we can easily apply the principles of a business organization. Robin was the CEO of the Merrymen. He made all important decisions and a few lieutenants serve in roles that have been delegated such as information gathering, discipline, finances and provisioning. These make up the top management in the organization. This is associated with the Fayolism theory developed by Henri Fayol who proposed that managers perform particular functions for the growth and success of the organization. The four tasks that have been delegated as well as Robin Hoods personal vendetta against the Sheriff serve as the basis for many problems encountered by the Merrymen. First year, did well because they were a small organization experiencing little problems, growth was steady, revenues were consistent due to stealing from the rich, no major competitive forces were established in the industry and Robin Hood and the Merry men had the support of the stakeholders (peasants and farmers) because the men saw to it that the people were taken care of as well as their equal hate for the Sheriff . According to Henri Mintzberg what is expected of a manager is described through management roles. Robin as the CEO possesses the decisional roles which entails the important decision making and choices. The Merrymen acquire informational roles through information gathering and finances as a few of their delegated tasks and finally, the peasants and farmers possess the interpersonal skills that are very symbolic in nature because of their absolute interest and support in the efforts made by Robin and the Merrymen. Their peasants and farmers are the main reason for their formation rob the rich-give to the poor). Over the years, Robin Hood was faced with many issues that needs to be addressed. He believed that the strength and manpower of any army was in its numbers and so the band is growing too large with insufficient resources to sustain it. There is also a decline in the Merrymens vigilance as it is so hard to keep track with the larger numbers which may cause them to be unprepared if the Sheriff were to place a surprise attack on them and discipline is hard to enforce resulting in less control. This issue needs to be resolved in order for the men to work well with one another before a case of mutiny outbreaks (Robert. L. Katz; human skills). The Sheriff is growing stronger and becoming better organized because of his owerful allies as well as the support of the evil Prince John. Just as the numbers of Merrymen are growing, travelers are beginning to find alternate routes through the forest to avoid apprehension, causing a decline in the bands revenue stream. This is the major problem that Robin Hood needs to overcome. If he cannot steal the rich peoples money, he has nothing to give to the poor which can cause a strain in the relationship with his stakeholders. Also, with no money, Mr. Hood will not be able to maintain his group of Merrymen, and they will become weaker making themselves susceptible to attacks from the Sheriff. The two satellite problems facing Robin Hood are the intensive threat of competitive rivals and threats to suppliers. The core problem is rivalry, Prince John and the Sherriff are Robins main rivals and pose a definite threat to his operation. They are in direct competition with each other, and their actions have to constantly be monitored which is going to be difficult due to the their persistent efforts to capture Robin Hood and his Merrymen. Suppliers are a high level threat, because at any point those who support Robin Hood could be captured by Prince John and the Sherriff, thus cutting off supplies. Also, the bargaining power of suppliers is high simply because of the business Robin is involved in(robbing). His business is illegal and therefore a high level threat to anyone who supplies to him. Threat from buyers is currently a low level threat because an objective of Robins is to give to the poor. They have no reason to pose any threat unless at some time Robin Hood begins to tax them. The threat of new entry is also low given the legality of this endeavor. Individuals will likely be more willing to Join Robin Hood as opposed to forming their own faction. Although it is bviously more common to have a threat of new entry when in control of the market while making a profit, in this particular situation it is relatively low given Robin Hoods rapport within the forest. The threat of substitute products has been identified as a low to moderate threat. The residents of the forest are assumed to be the customers. The variable that make them a threat include: the perceived possibility that Robin may fail. In the event of this transpiring, the most probable alternative would be the majority of the people leaving the forest. This is a low to moderate threat because lthough Robins current status is relatively stable; his customers face the real possibility of being forced into making alternative decisions. This, along with the changes in the external environment is making the bands business model obsolete. These changes must be addressed along with the structuring and training of the ever-growing band of Merrymen. In short, Robin needs to select a new strategy and rally the Merrymen behind the cause because the current strategy is becoming timeworn at a hurried pace. Robin Hood and his men need a new mission, objectives, and strategy. Their vision is belonging to a kingdom with an honourable King who treats everyone fairly. His new mission should be to free the people from Prince John and return King Richard to the throne. Robin Hood and his band are in need of a fresh strategy in response to external happenings. For instance in the situation where the travelers are beginning to avoid the forest, despite added cost and inconvenience, to protect their belongings. Also, Robins plan to force the Sheriff out of Nottingham by causing unrest is not working. Indeed, the Sheriff is using powerful connections to apply added pressure to Robin and the Merrymen. To further complicate matters, some of the barons that appointed Prince John to the throne are now campaigning to clandestinely raise the ransom to free King Richard. These barons have offered Robin Hood the chance to help in this mission in exchange for future amnesty. While the return of King Richard and the ousting of Prince John is what Robin wants, the risks involved in such a deal are very high. The mission of the gang is rob from the rich and give to the poor. However, the true goal of the organization is to remove the amoral Sheriff from office, as evidenced by the consideration of Robin to institute a fixed transit tax. A more appropriate mission would be rid Nottingham of the corrupt King John and Sheriff. The gang also needs to outline some objectives, as this has not been done in the past. For example, each Merryman shall produce enough loot each day to pay for his own food. The band does need a new organizational structure as a result of the lead for change in structure would possibly be promoting more lieutenants in order to monitor the men more effectively and keep the men clear of their strategy. Maybe the group could form smaller camps that are part of the whole for organizational stability and spread across the entire forest of Nottingham. Robin Hood could Join with the barons to collect the ransom to release King Richard, receive amnesty and a resolution to the campaign against the Sheriff. It is risky because the barons could offset his efforts and if the plan proves to be unsuccessful, Prince John will unleash his vicious and volatile side to ensure Robin Hoods demise, but it is less risky than doing what he is presently doing which is nothing. In assisting them, he has more support against the Sheriff. If he continues to do nothing he will eventually end up caught by the sheriff, run out of supplies or mutiny will break out among his men. Robin Hood must weigh the benefits and risks of the following : forming a strategic alliance with the barons to rescue King Richard , expanding the organization into areas outside Sherwood Forest ,killing the Sheriff as a defensive strategic move or switching to a fixed transit tax as an offensive strategy move. A SWOT analysis will help determine some strategic alternatives and how the band can attempt to fulfill its mission and achieve its goals. Robin Hood can use the SWOT analysis to identify where he is strong and vulnerable, where he should defend and attack by scanning both internal and external environments. The group has grown spontaneously in its numbers. Manpower is the largest resource any group can have and the number of the Merrymen is formidable. Robin Hood is also a strong leader. For any one-single man to organize a group of this caliber, strong leadership skills must be present. The brand recognition the Merrymen posses has also been a strength. Because the group is so popular, it has allowed them to make a difference in their community. This popularity has also gained the group access to the resources of the surrounding towns and communities. The cost of training and producing their product is also a trength as well as their skills of being well trained fghting men. According to Robert. L. Katz, managers need three essential skills, in being well trained men, they must acquire Job- specific knowledge and technigues needed to proficiently perform work tasks (technical skills) They simply steal to obtain the capital they need and training costs are small outside the capital needed to supply the arms and feed the Merrymen. Most of the combat supplies are probably stolen as well. Moreover, new recruits are coming in and the men are being reunited in the enmity against the Sheriff. The first major weakness I have identified is Robin Hoods personal grudge with the sheriff. This has a great potential to cloud his overall view and influence judgments that may otherwise may not be for the good of the group. Even though the group was born from this idea, it has seemingly surpassed Just over-throwing the sheriff and transformed to a scope much larger. This personal vendetta may not take this into account and cause ill-formed decisions. The second major weakness I have identified is the alliances Robin Hood has made. This problem encompasses a few of the other weaknesses the Merrymen have. At first, the recruitment looked for viable candidates that fit a certain criteria. Now, the Merrymen will accept anyone who is willing to serve the cause hence there is a lack in familiarity with all the organizational members. Because of this single change in recruitment procedures, the now laxed recruitment process, another issue has arisen; exceeding the food capacity of the surrounding lands. This is simply a numerical problem that is encountered when you let anyone Join a group that relies so heavily on natural resources. The food shortage has also resulted in a depletion of the Merrymens financial reserves. Since the land can no longer provide the resources the group needs, they have turned to trade and purchasing. The large number of the group has also caused a space problem. The next major sets of weaknesses I have identified are a result of the looting and raids the Merrymen participate in. This raised the question to Robin Hood of what alternatives are available to help the group raise funds. Robin Hood favored taxation of the travelers and local towns people rather than looting and raiding but this concept was met with much resistance. His lower management argued that taxation would turn their closest allies against them and ould virtually put them in the same category as the Sheriff. A major opportunity present that is not coupled with the weaknesses the Merrymen have is the proposition of freeing King Richard. Securing the release of King Richard, if successful, would be very beneficial to the Merrymen. This is potentially another source of income for the Merrymen and would shine beneficial political light on the group. If the group were to fail, the retribution would be detrimental. Instead of fghting Just one sheriff and his men, the band would potentially have to take on the entire army commanded by Prince John. The opportunities present are forming an alliance with the barons in order to bring King Richard back to Nottingham and expanding the Merryman into the forest spreading revenue base. The sheriff, of course, was the source of the major threats to the Merrymen. At first the campaign was successful but over time the sheriff and his forces are growing larger and better organized causing increased direct competition. They have received the funding they need to disrupt the Merrymens operations. The plan the group first used forecasted that a perpetual state of unrest would cause the Sheriff to be removed from his osition, however the opposite happened and the sheriff used the unrest to secure reinforcements and funding for the campaign. This was a result of his close strategic alliance with Prince John. Moreover, Prince John is very paranoid and could act irrationally by sending his spies to offset the Merrymen. Additionally, aligning with the barons is very risky as they could deceive Robin. Several recommendations have been developed for the Merrymen to aid in the success of the group. It is the belief that the current strategy is one that can again be successful but many changes need o be implemented to ensure this strategys success. I recommend that Robin Hood align with the barons. He should help them collect the ransom that would free King Richard. In order for this to work, Robin Hood would have to sell this idea to the Merrymen and the farmers and the townspeople and change the policy of outright confiscation of goods. He has to convince them that the fixed transit tax will go towards their Kings ransom. Robin acquires the conceptual skills required of any manager to perform proficiently according to Katz, he is looking at the bigger picture which he believes everyone will benefit from. conceptual skills). This will help everyone feel loyal and patriotic to one common cause. The citizens already do not like the Prince John and they would likely unite together and support any strategy lieutenants to help the already overworked ones that he has, given the state of discipline and other problems. Robin has considered killing the Sheriff but it would not end the campaign because it has grown beyond the scope of Just the Sheriff, but decided against it because it would only satisfy his thirst for revenge without improving the matter. The next Sheriff would undoubtedly be Just as bad if not worse ecause the Sheriffs association is devoid of values. Also, with the Sheriffs high- powered friends and increasing resources, the chances of succeeding in the slaying are dim because this would more than likely anger Prince John into dealing out very harsh punishment that could terminate Robin Hood and his men. If there is an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the Sheriff, retribution will be fierce. The Merrymen need to build off the strengths it has. The quality of the manpower is an area of concern. Implementation of the original recruitment process or an advanced recruitment process is the first necessary fix. Just letting anyone be a participant of the group has been the source to several of the issues plaguing the Merrymen. Candidates should have a particular set of skills to allow entry. If there is a food shortage, pre-screen candidates for skills such as farming. Discipline has been identified as another issue. This can be eliminated through the better screening process and better training. For this all to work, there must be a better management system put in place. The external threats, weaknesses and opportunities the Merrymen have are formidable but proper action can be used to manage these. The ack of food and provisions can first be solved by recruiting farmers and hunter/ gathers to the group who solely focus on these issues as well as enforcing that the men produce enough loot each day for his own food. This would also help eliminate the expenses the group incurs as trading and bartering for provision could be gradually eliminated. Since revenues are in decline, any money-saving action is beneficial. Concurrent with this issue, expansion of the raiding area is a must. Though Robin feels as though he is losing control of the band, he admits to not knowing half of the men and is finding it hard to enforce discipline. They have the opportunity of limiting the size of the band which maintains discipline and solves food scarcity which basically curtails growth. This strategic move will deem them weak and powerless against the Sheriff and Prince John. The more manpower they have, the greater chance they have of carrying out the mission. The band should extend their operations throughout Sherwood Forest in order to rejuvenate revenues, which at present are in decline. They may also be able to access supplies more readily which previously would have been obtained from outlying villages, thus reducing costs. This also allows them the opportunity to continue robbing in an adjacent region which is consistent with the original organization and its growing size. The part of the group that conducts raids should also work very closely with the intelligence gathering portion. Once again, proper recruitment and training will result in a part of the group who can focus on this important aspect. The intelligence can be used to know when and where raids are conducted and what moves the sheriff is making. However, all the groups need to be properly trained in combat for when the need arises. These groups should continue to be managed separately.. In this instance, time is of the essence. As the Sheriff of Nottingham and his men learn Sherwood Forests resources have been depleted by the large amounts of recruits that inhabit the area, and this has seriously drained the bands financial reserves, however, this does give the men a greater asset in their numbers. The case seems unclear about where the Merrymen see themselves over the next few years, but one thing is clear, if they wish to survive, they will have to take immediate action. If the band is successful overthrowing Prince John, they will have to work in close onjunction with King Richard to shape a society which functions equally for members of all socio-economic classes (assuming this is their goal). The central issue faced by Robin Hood and his Merrymen is how to win their fght against the Sheriff of Nottingham. We recommend partaking in this venture though because we see the benefits outweighing the risks. However, this must be a carefully planned and executed venture. Robin Hood and his band should organize an attack on Prince John in order to eliminate the Sheriffs authority over Nottingham and its occupants. If successful, the Merrymen will return to their law abiding life.

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay Floods have been a major natural disaster, affecting the Gambia over the last decade. It effects has been a cause for concern, because the Gambia is situated in the low lying coast and it has a low capacity in resolving the problems on floods. As a result of the rising sea levels, along with excess rainfall and high tides, the Gambias river reaches its flood stage, causing flooding and inundation. According to UNFCCC (2007), the Gambia is part of the worlds most vulnerable countries, that are prone to the effects of sea level rise and the countrys has a few resources to reduce the risks, it poses for the future. The aim of this report is to understand the impacts of sea level rise on river flood and also, to understand its consequences for the flood risk management in Gambia. Geography and Demography The Gambia, being the smallest country in the African continent, has an area of 11,000 km (NEA, 2010). Studies from the UNEP(no date) claim that, about one third of its surface area is covered by the Gambias river with marsh lands along its banks. Its river originates from the Futa Djallon highlands in Guinea, bisecting the country into a narrow strip of land, approximately 400 km long and 30 km wide on both sides of Gambia (see Figure 1). Gambia is bordered on all sides, by the Republic of Senegal and on the west, by the Atlantic Ocean (GOTG, 2008). Figure 1: Map of the Gambia ( Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) Climate and population The Gambias climate is known to be subtropical, with dry seasons from November to May, and wet seasons from June to October. Rainfalls and tides are known to be the key factors that influence the rivers flows, as the rainfall ranges from 850-1,200 mm per annum (NEA,2010). However, over the past decades, there has been massive outbreaks of drought due to low rainfall patterns. As a result, relatively little vegetation cover, has increased the vulnerability of severe floods, because of inadequate permeable surfaces. During the wet seasons, the excess rainfalls, is the period when the overflow of the river banks and into the floodplains, reaches its peak (GOTG, 2008). The Gambias population is now estimated at 1.36 million (Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) with a density of over 130 persons/km2 (UNDP, 2000). A study by Columbia University(2007) claim that almost 62% of the population, residing outside the 10 meter elevation of the coastal areas, are at risk of coastal flooding, and they are susceptible to the effects from sea level rise(see Figure 2). Also 14% of the population, living in the upper river division and the 13% of the population living in the Central river division are those, under greatest threat of river flooding. Figure 2: Population density map(Columbia Univeristy,2007) The countrys geomorphology is made up of its river, which divides the country into two separate forms of a plateau. The lower valley is up to a total land area of 39 percent and its swamps are prone to floods, thus it is only 2 km away from the river ( Jaiteh, 2008). Jaiteh (2008) states that, the countrys highest land heights are in the east of the country, although they are not above 60 meters. The areas shaded in green are those that are more prone to river floods, hence it is less than ten meters above mean sea level (see Figure 3). Correspondingly, the river flow is up to 30 percent below 10 meters above mean sea level and up to 20 percent during flood seasons (NEA, 2010) Figure 3: Elevation Map of The Gambia (Jaiteh, 2003) Flooding in The Gambia Flooding has been the most common hazard, which affected people throughout the world. Annually, 75million people are affected by flood related disasters (Coppola,2011). In Gambia, the national disaster management agency (2008-2011) reported that between 2002 and 2006, there have been 65 flood events. Human activities add to the vulnerability of flood prone areas, especially in the north bank division, deforestation and poor farming tends to reduce the soils ability to hold the flood waters, and this causes more runoffs and erosion (NEA, 2010). Floods can be considered as natural occurrence, rather than pinning it on the effects from climate change. Knuckman (2011) states that, as the catchment reaches its excess water levels, its loses its ability to restore this excess water and then flooding arises. In addition to that, Cooper and Pilkey (2004) believe that other factor listed below also contributes to the factors that trigger floods. There are three main factors that influence river floods are: Sea level Forcing: Due to the high rations between the width and length of the river estuary, Jaiteh and Sarr (2011) have claimed that, sea level rise will increase towards the inner part of the river estuary and this applies to the river Gambia due to it land along the river is flat. Wind forcing: The wind pressure has a huge impact on the water level. Reports from the Gambias meteorology office reveal that, during the last 10 years, there has been a 25cm difference in the water levels between the rainy and the dry season, due to shifts of wind speed. During the rainy season, the forces of the wind has a higher load over the rivers surface Tributary forcing: The rivers mean discharge ranges from 460-90 m3 (Leseck et al, 1980)and the impacts of the severe stream flows affects the rivers tributaries, increasing pressure on the rivers pressure.. Surface evaporation is expected to increase, and this can place additional constraints on management rules of an upstream reservoir in the country. Also, integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) institutions faces problems associated with the water floods from sea level rise, as drainage congestion increases the height of flood levels. During wet seasons, when excess precipitation triggers the river to reach its flood stage, causing the flooded water to flow to the flood plains and unto the land (GOTG, 2008). In1999 and 2003, there was a serious flood event that occurred in Upper River and Central River Regions, affecting 13.1% of the countrys population (National disaster management agency2008-2011). The Gambias has developed a national disaster management agency in 1996, as a response strategy, to provide emergency assistance; rescue, relief and precautionary operations, for all the disasters in the country. Under this agency, there has been a framework called the strategic action plan, which provides a pathway on what actions and mechanisms to be undertaken for an effective disaster management for the Gambia. For instance, in terms of precautionary strategies of floods, this management agency provides sand bags, as flood proofing against the flood water levels during the rainy seasons. Although this process has not been effective, because during the recent floods (1999 and 2003), the forces of the flood waters has exceeded the capacity of those existing sand bags over the recent years (GOTG, 2008). A case study event: July 2010 floodings (Jaiteh and sarr 2011) In September 2010, there was an extreme flood event from heavy rainfalls; affecting 1,000 and 790 people were displaced. The National Red Cross provided financial support on those affected, whilst Red Crescent societies, were responsible for the emergency rescue and rehabilitation aid (DREF, 2010) Jallow et al(1996) carried out a research of a one meter sea level rise scenario on the coastal zone. He concluded that, 1m rise in sea level due to flooding would lead to a total land loss of 92 km ² in Banjul, because its elevation , and Banjul is built on a low lying sand spit (see Figure 4). An estimated total cost of 217 million US Dollars, worth of land could be lost, including the mangroves on St. Marys Island, and along the river banks in the north bank divisions (National Climate Committee Banjul, 2003). Figure 4: Areas susceptible of flooding with a 1 meter sea level rise (GOTG, 2007) The Gambia government has also formulated a national adaptation program of action on (NAPA) on climate change, which is under the administration of the UNFCCC. This framework was signed by the Gambia in June 2001, as a means of developing adaptations to climate change and also, to attain preventive schemes for natural disasters such as floods (Jaiteh and Sarr, 2011). Currently, there have been no existing engineering flood defenses in place, against the prevention of floods in the Gambia. According to executive director of the National disaster management agency, claimed that inadequate resources and low funding has been the countrys main stumbling block, in generating effective flood protection structures such as embankments and dykes. Mr Khan, further went on to say that, there has been ten contingency action plans, funded by the World Bank in 1998 to enhance sustainable actions for their flood risk management strategy. Effects of sea level rising in Gambia The sea level is rising due to an increased temperature from the atmosphere; which causes thermal expansions in the oceans and the melting of the ice caps( Gehrels and Long, 2008). This outcome increases the water level of the sea to rise. Reports from IPCCC(2007) claimed, that global sea level is likely to increase by 18 cm to 59 cm by 2100. In Gambia, it is believed that the sea levels could rise by 15cm to 95 cm by 2100 (UNFCCC,2007). This means that, if global warming is not monitored , the challenges of coping with extreme flood will perpetuate, which will cause future constraints to the Gambias disaster management agency. This outcome of global warming, threatens the risk of potential rivers flooding at an alarming rate in the future if there is not reduction in greenhouse gases. Rising sea levels, inundates the coastal zone, due to its low lying feature the Capital city Banjul is vulnerable to flooding it is less than one meter above mean sea level (see figure 3). It is believed that the relationship between the effects of sea level rise, is caused by the changing climate conditions and the natural occurrence of the river (Hunt,2000). For instance, at the rivers estuary, the rising water level from the sea, with heavy precipitation during the wet season increase the risks of flooding in the rivers floodplains (National Disaster Management Agency, 2008-2011). On the other hand, Jallow et al (1996) reveals that, high tides on the river estuaries, influenced by the westerly winds has also been a major factor why the river Gambia floods. Unfortunately, the tide record recorder has not been in function over the past years, for further analysis (see Table 1) Table 1: Tidal recorder table: Water levels from tide records taken in Banjul, from 1979 to 1993(Jallow et al 1996) The tide recorder above shows that, the water level has remained constant about two meters between 1979-1984, and towards the late 1980s due to low tides, there has been drastic shift between 1988 till 1993. Evidence of the high water levels can be seen in 1980, when huge river floods occurred in the central river division, accompany with heavy storm surges (Jallow et al, 1996). Conversely the NEA (2000) claimed that the tidal currents mostly influences floods in the river estuary than the coastline, thus are weaker by the coastline; Banjul, and higher up to1m/s in the rivers estuary. Figure 3: Current Elevation of Banjul (Jallow et al, 1999) Response strategies The Disaster agency mainly undertakes a disaster response and risk reduction system, than a disaster prevention scheme. In 2007, the agency formulated a risk reduction policy, called a hazards Profile of the Gambia and its Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Report, to identify the hazards, and the potential threats it poses to the country to the country (National Disaster Management Agency 2008-2011). In 2008 the Gambia government developed a National Disaster Management Act which stressed, that the all adaptation and precautionary measures undertaken for flood preventions must be effective and capable to serve long-term purposes. Thus in the event of the 2003 flooding in Central River Division (CRD), the practical early warnings has not been efficient in alerting people before floods occurs. In the 2003 event, it was unreliable because it did not reach the entire region. Therefore, a change in its the response strategy of the monitoring systems. Post 2003 the government proposes to produce a more resourceful flood risk management plan that consists of geospatial informations to improve the monitoring services to produce positive effective warning systems. There has been a proposal to develop a mapping program to manage the rivers floodplains along central river division (NEA, 2010). Currently the UNDP in the collaboration of a National disaster management program provides project guidelines on, 1. How to review of early warning systems, 2. How to analyze management systems, in precautionary measures and 3. The provision of regular feedbacks to those responsible stakeholders (NEA, 2010). International response The United nations has recommended to the local government to develop artificial channels such as canals and build dams as mechanisms against flood. More over, the government has been has been reluctant, on these developments, especially dams, as they can cause the changes in the course of the river and its establishment, has not been financially viable. The UNDP support to the Gambia on floods, encourages a capacity building approach, in which grassroots development, enhances the local community with skills on planting mangroves around there neighborhood, as preparation plans to deal with the flood waters before flood occurrence (UNDP,2000). Recently, the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) provided technical support to the Gambias assessment of the national institutional framework for the national program of Action. This was not been supportive because it has not clearly indicate areas prone to river flooding, induced sea level rise, to provide accurate analysis on research to cope with the risks from both sea level and flooding. Furthermore, the nonexistence of physical flood defenses against flood preventions, and this has been the why vulnerability increases of the countrys liability to floods (NEA, 2010). LONG-TERM plans and Recommendations Construction of physical defenses It is significant to build a low cost seawall or a bulkhead to cope with the effects of sea level and floods along the coastline. The seawall has a 1:2 slope, a 2-metre beam and a height above water of 1.2 times sea level rise scenario. This would protect the coastline where there land is less than one meter above mean sea level, along Banjul area, by the mangrove systems. It is adequate to use dikes made up of about 1.5 to 2 meter to control the water levels (NEA, 2010) Wetland preservation and mitigation The estuary of the Gambia River contains economically important wetlands and mangrove systems. The mangrove systems on the Kombo St. Mary Island and Kombo Peninsular are regarded as vital breeding grounds for various aquatic species. Efforts should be made to protect these areas by declaring them as protected wetlands. This would discourage exploitation of the resources in these wetlands. This can examine the impacts of upstream dams on the Gambia River in terms of reduced sediment supply. Effects of sea level rise on flood risk management The constraints that the rising sea level has on flood risk management affects the Gambias land use planning and the water resource management. There is the need to increase the use of floodplains against floods, and also development the rivers basin. Water resource management In producing a better river basin, flood management need to identify the connection of the rivers flowing patters. The Gambias integrated water resource management ensures that the water quality is being preserved, and dams and wells are protected against contamination of the flood waters. When river flooding occurs, the major problems arises from drainage congestion and these are regarded as the significant effects of raising water levels on flood risk management Land use planning The Gambia needs to map out the most vulnerable locations of flood risks, to enable accurate impact assessments, between land-use planning and the protection of the infrastructures. Also, the contingency plan should include flood scenarios that are beyond the projected situation, in order to increase its management capacities.The lands office and physical planning should avoid the allocation of lands that are susceptible of flooding. For instance dried up streams in kombo peninsular, consists of new settlements, and has recently flooded during the rainy seasons. People residing at areas prone to flooding should be advice to raise their gate above the mean flood levels. Conclusion It can be concluded that, the impacts of rising sea levels will continue to increase the risk of flooding across the country, if the preventive systems are not enhanced productively in the future. This is because, the Gambia focus all their attention on the response systems, than prevention systems of floods and the effects of sea level rise, rather than tackling the root causes of the problems, and then finding means of preventing its occurrence. Lack of appropriate data has been a stumbling block in producing the accurate findings, for effective risk management systems. Although, Gambia has been classified as a net sink country, the amount of greenhouse gases eliminate from the atmosphere is more than those produced (NEA, 2010). Yet it is been severely affected by the global climate change effects over the last decade. Its management systems undertake an integrated approach, such as policy formulations and contingency plans, rather than establishing of physical defenses. To sum it up, the most important method to manage the effects of sea level rise on floods is to reconstruct those groynes(trunks of rhun palm inserted into the sea) in Banjul to capture those sediments transported during erosion (see Figure 5). The construction dikes, can possible be, one of the most efficient form of flood defences. Also, catchment flood management strategy can be an essential tool in providing a sustainable protection on managing flood risks. The facilitation of a catchment flood management plan will enable the Gambia, to benefit from the understanding flood risks of the river Gambia, in order to tackle its consequences efficiently. In this way, the national disaster management and the rest of the stakeholders will undertake a more technical style towards their flood management plan. In addition to that, there has been poor records to verify flood magnitudes and its frequency and if this was available, there will be allocation, there will be accurate analysis that can provide inappropriate technique to manage future flood risk managements for the Gambia.A corporation that brings together the efforts of the local government, UN agencies, NGOs, civil Society and local communities is the most effective form of a achieving a sustainable flood management strategy would create an inclusive disaster management framework in the country and to improve governments capacities to manage and counter to floods effectively. Received feed back: supervisor wants me to provide a picture of a dikes, as I have written in my conclusion that, it cal be the most effective form of flood risk of management. Please run this thru your plagiarism website for me. I am in Uni working on my powerpoint slides