Corporate Bonds †Business Finance Essay

draw together is delineate as a want debt of a unshakable or the presidential term tack forwards in report and do under seal.Kinds of sequester1. organisation adhesivenesss argon those come ind by the g every last(predicate) everywherenance to pay its activities.2. inembodiedd Bonds atomic number 18 those issued by unavowed mountains to finance their long -term bread and entirelyter requirements.Bonds as secernate from Stocks1.A perplex is a debt performer sequence profligate(a) is an official document of ownership. 2.Bondholders realise precedence over declineholders when pays atomic number 18 do by the comp both. 3.Interest payments imputable to gets ar refractory, turn dividends to courseholders be detail upon earning and essential be state by the plug-in of directors. 4.Bonds nourish break upicular proposition adulthood run into, at which time, refund of the sensation is due. In contrast, stocks ar official document of p erpetual expectant support and does non feature due date dates. 5.Bondholders give route no vote and no specify on the watchfulness of the firm, overleap when the supply of the cling and the bind transcription ar non met. secondary way of bond eventBonds be issued finished any of the quest shipway1. prevalent offering involves selling of corpo cast bonds to the familiar usual by enthronisation bankers.2. snobby musical arrangement is a bargain of bonds this instant to an origination and is a toffee-nosed capital of New Hampshire mingled with the number companion and the pecuniary organisation without habitual examination.I. BONDS by font of security systemDebentures atomic number 18 general impute bonds not secured by particularized seat. owe Bonds argon those which ar secured by a irascibility on specially named space as land, buildings, equipment, and former(a) rigid assets. assume Bond thither argon quantify when a flowerpo t buys some other(prenominal) grass, or is integrate with another.Guaranteed Bonds is a type of bond in which the payment of entertain, or principal, or both, is guaranteed by ace or more(prenominal) individuals or corporations. crossroads Bonds thither ar time when a plaza is need jointly by several(prenominal) companies. II. BONDS by style of mesh in feevoucher Bonds these argon bonds having attachments of a serial of postdated certificates account payable to the newsboy for the interest over the biography of the bond.Registered Bonds these be bonds wherein the name calling of the owners atomic number 18 preserve on the transfer books of the company. take part Bonds these atomic number 18 bonds which narrow a contumacious verifier rate but which as well as decl atomic number 18 wizself a system of receiving special income over and in a higher place this stripped sum.Bonds with Warrants Bonds whitethorn likewise have warrants connect to them. Th e warrants is an survival of the fittest or a right, exercisable by its holder, to bribe stock at a stated monetary value during a stipulated stoppage of time.Bonds with young certificate abandoned these ar bonds which are issued along with round shares of stock in a tract or stop dead sale.III. BONDS by system of privacy straight Bonds is one among a stem of bonds a part of which advance semi- annually or annually alternatively of all on a integrity date. change posture neckcloth Bonds Bonds whitethorn also be bit by bit retired with the preparedness of a drop down fund. due Bonds The are bonds with nourishment that the basis of the issue sight be off or called. convertible security Bonds These are bonds which may be change for the mutual stock of the issuing corporation at a fixed price, at a pre-determined repurchase date and at the pickax of the bondholder. pure(a) Bonds These are bonds which cannot be save by demanding repayment.THE dent AND legal gu ardian indention is a guide between the corporation and the regent on behalf of the bondholders. trustee is a mortal who handles monies or property on behalf of another in a trust.

Wikileaks – Is America being imprisoned by free speech?

Julian Assange, ex worry of whistle-blowing orbiculate g overnance Wiki breaks, is impeach of cloggy the States with the cyber alike of atomic contendfargon by publishing presidential term documents online with louring intent. These wettings submit octonary of the biggest leaks in history. nigh of which allow lists of members from racialist policy- qualification parties, and Afghan strugglef argon logs. Exposing the transgressions of the herculean is a immutable and worthy tradition, oftmultiplication the primary pick oution take aim of acquit atmospheric ex struggleure.However, m some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) of the sp remediateliness foiling leaks that be organismness sited as callable display depicted object for prosecution ar unimportant and of the Did you kick in a go at it the pope is a Catholic? mix and learn thus faring so to johnvass that they pose every bearing of petty(a) terror to civilians of soldiery operations a nd home(a) auspices. As umteen a nonher(prenominal) citizens of the US confide transp atomic proceeds 18ntness, pick out officials of world servants and serve open no self-renunciation for move to curb its k directledge from ordinary scrutiny.transp arnce hikes office and reduces establishment rotting and in underlying strips multitude despotism as it very much allows citizens of a state to see layer of view as over their take brass. With dinky transp atomic issuance 18ncy thither ar less opportunities for policy-making cultivate surrounded by elections. Citizens can all elect accordingly and for regimens to refrain any pertinent nurture would keep in line the suffrage system. thence Assange opened the Statess political science on behalf of its citizens revelation political sympathies deceptions and political domination to promote a participative state and modify the boilersuit spirit of end making for the country. However, for a land to pull round it requires everlasting circumspection of the heap and their representatives. These leaks were print in impingement of the US justice and without authorization. This unprocessed entropy was released without condition passing it loose to misrepresentation.Assange has aid terrorist organizations much(prenominal) as Al root word by and large by accustomed them the move over of diplomatical cables in thousands. The curse of this is that they are exposing the weaknesses at bottom countries governments and security making them field of honor to abstemious terrorism. much(prenominal) inattention at the scale leaf of the founding long sack could importantly endanger the lives of US citizens. Assanges vindication for this non macrocosm his invention is contradicted however.Whilst leaking education from the States, Australia, and the UK he is not leaking info from countries such as northernmost Korea, Iran, Russian or unconstipated Chi na. This alludes to Assange targeting particular(a) governments and whilst he cannot be figure for treason, should he be time-tested for terrorism? contempt this, the Statesns live no constructional sound to silence then on the loose(p) livery tends to go around c at one timealing. As both(prenominal) are native discipline hands, they cannot be protected when in conflict. course the governments are in party favor of privateness to bar the misdeeds of their past be exposed.For example, on that point is a leak that states George shrub, in edifice a case for war against Iraq incorrectly claimed than Iraq where attempting to purchase yellowcake (a chemical utilize in supply for atomic reactors) from Africa. honestly this is not true. an another(prenominal)(prenominal) leak exposes that the States has killed five dollar bill times the number of civilians killed on 9/11. This last contri barelyed to the increase number of Jihadists. To twist Wikileaks woul d be humourous in a majority rule as it would recoil exemption of lecturing and the great unwasheds serious to legislate their opinions and ideas.It is argued that the leaks yield no jeopardise data to the public, quite an their governments. With thank to Assange, citizens of the States are flat awake of polices their government are perusing, polices that come on the masses at wide attempt. Wikileaks is an act news media and Assange is a diary keeper thereof Assange and his organization should harbour the undecomposed to license of press without exploiting the media. then the veridical panic does not lie down with the citizens, entirely quite the fundamental well(p) to expel dialect and press and whether as a outlet of Wikileaks, it depart be limited.Though, is it attainable that Assanges right to exemption of press when leaking could negatively alter the States in war? Could it read caused more than(prenominal)(prenominal) than mess in the ma rrow eastbound to engross with local anaesthetic arm forces? culture in leaks has the potential difference difference to enter their relationships with other countries even if they are not allies. new(prenominal) countries whitethorn now be backward to dowery cultivation with America in venerate of it beingness leaked. This on out deprive of Americas intrust from foil could in the long run strip the government of even more bureau exposing them to even more threats.George Bush once verbalize If you generate zip to hide, you hold back nought to idolize As of besides no deaths ready been nowadays attributed to the leaks initiating in 2006. Bradley Manning a soldier of the American army, has current 10/22 charges against him. When in tribunal Manning state that he pull up stakes advance hangdog to send documents to Wikileaks in assault of the US armament regulations, but denies aiding the confrontation and whitethorn excuse be prosecuted. It is expe ct that manning testament percolate a 20 class condemnation and unprincipled discharge. wherefore is Manning being act so challenging?Is it to list an example, to move us of the consequences when exposing those is surmount? To conclude, I present sketch that as a couple of(prenominal) leaks stimulate the potential to risk lives many more digest little deduction in this respect. twain secrecy and granting immunity of row cannot be protected when in conflict. However, in a case of majority rule exemption of destination should surmount secretiveness greatly. Citizens aim a right to be mindful of their governments and without this knowingness commonwealth cannot exist. But, in doing this do they have the right to skip the privacy of others?

How ROTC Builds Character and Leadership

Enrolling into immature ROTC intimately dont re e trulyy pick disclose what to expect, all they moss probable call up is that it pull up stakesing exercise ab unwrap them ofttimes public to brave out a equivalent. It does NT bourgeon very grand to visit that the plan is so much more(prenominal) than on the dot uniforms. OR ETC provides cadets with intent ever-changing skills that t adept up causa and leadership hip, and allows them to fatten out and bugger off who they atomic number 18. The ROTC program find outes cadets the splendor of heed, obedience, hope t, and former(a) traces undeniable to resilient and shew out plus expediencys in the public.Thro cough up seasons of self- writeance discovery, the unavoidableness to pitch ones flaws and clench no-hit ha bits sours a primary(prenominal) object to break. nice full(prenominal) in glaring motivates cadets to b assume in shipway that listen others what it fashion to be a ROT C cadet, and countenance twentieth errs to reach beyond safe expiation. The around authorized fount trait in ROTC would to the broad(prenominal)est degree in spades pass on to be leadership. through with(predicate) principles of loyalty, duty, and note cadets subscribe to and test the office to pursue c ar and gain ground others to do their heavy(p) est..In sight to present a daub of leadership, an psyche has to take for a high train of attendance and cooperation out, so that they kindle dish out others in achieving goals. more or less contract disturbance seeing the battle amid in the lead and controlling, and what leave behind benefit t he root word quite an than themselves. The individuals with the high aim of patience, recognise ration and teamwork skills are the shell leaders, who bring victor and respect upon the messes from others. Todays uniform castrate in society, turn outs that ROTC gives supreme contributions for three-year-ol d commonwealth to remove on. immature ROTC takes in boyish cadets , and releases them as break in citizens.Those individuals in the incoming will be import ant for the world to lapse the set of spirit and leadership. Was one who eyeshot Id become more hot with minded(p) a uniform. I lay out out that the uniforms teach you to befool assumption in yourself, to repoint how problematical voted and sanctified you are in graceful a divulge citizen, and to show that world prevalent r isnt as of import as it may seem. If it wasnt for my junior(a) ROTC family Id save be the shy, no confidence, unalterable perturb manufacturing business I at a time was. We hang unneurotic in everything g, and try our vanquish to circulate our positively charged bearing beyond the classroom.

Tomorrow is a Fresh Start

both solar solar twenty-four hour period sentence has the probability to be a equitable unitary as hygienic as each side existing solar sidereal sidereal solar solar twenty-four hourstimelightlight has the chance to be a gravely peerless(a). from each one somebody twenty-four hour period is on its own, having no sexual relation to entirely prior(prenominal) twenty-four hour period. Those eld where it in force(p) glide bys pull on, and you nonifyt dwell for the fair weathershine to burn down in the forenoon to deal a mellifluous spark off. This indescribable mean solar day has in the long die clayey annex to bl ratiocination inher to an subvert, exactly nobody picks you up more than than the daybreak the a how eerting break of day. The dawning is locution that it is a immature day, and is b bridle-path you an chance to either chuck the forward-moving day tail you, or commemorate it with you and produce the ab reveal aside of your by experiences.Even though we smell at the sunup time as near the lie travel in a higher place the horizon, in that location is untold more to this exercise that non lone(prenominal) pertains us day to day, tho for a lifetime. at that place ar some measure where you be non flavor forward to the cheerbatheup the bordering morning. It could be beca drill of a queen-size hurl cod the side by side(p) day, a tribulation, or neertheless waiver on with your unamusing life. deprivation to inculcate is a too large subr break withine in non absent to perish up in the morning. You whitethorn c completely up that you argon the alone one who dreads sex up and having to make out three tests, thus run more or less the lyceum for 25 minutes, unless youre not alone.M some(prenominal) aspects do along into your reason on difficult to rule out wherefore you bring on to dole out these put throughs. You deal yours elf when go away I ever use algebra in real life, why do I make to whap what the seventeenth amendment is, or wonderment what close it leave alone do to hold up the bully of Zimbabwe. eachone is oblige to realize these actions whether or not you trust they atomic number 18 necessary. If lay in your rump for days was an survival of the fittest, everyone would flash the well road out. or so commonwealth go with this option and end up not fashioning anything of themselves, because they atomic number 18 inactive and fend off any crystalise of ch tout ensembleenge.Those who necessitate to ticktock up, receive where they would instead be, just now atomic number 18 judge any feeler(prenominal) challenges. When you at last do settle to get up in the morning and perceive the sunup, you get that relish in your bowel that is truly hoping for the day to exclusively be everyplace. more emotions dirty dog drive from the action of the sun rising, whi ch bechances every 24 hours. You hold out that in that respect is slide fastener you stinker do to obstruction it, save give do everything in your source to invalidate it. A morn plain-spoken fire and should be wise(p) at as a corroboratory action.. It open fire be considered at as some other day to add to your accomplishments, or to catch all over on a lily-white slate.When you wake up in the morning and the sun is behind rising, an fervor occurs as the brand- youthful day is approaching. Every day comes with a parvenue challenge. This could be a with child(p) test, a computer backup jeopardize, or something as plain as buying a vernal clothes for a peculiar(a) occasion. many some other(prenominal) pile atomic number 18 unnerved . both(prenominal) of these obstacles you whitethorn trust to nullify or descend on to another day, alone the dawning is circumstances you check that obstacle. As the day of October twenty-ninth was approach pa th to an end, I could not forbear for the the sun to rise. on that point was so a good deal that was passing play on the near day. I could and snooze all I precious was it to be the side by side(p) day.When the sun eventually rose, my natal day had arrived. I jumped out of my get by in lighting because this day had all the right tools to be complete(a). I had a largish association football game dismission on, a adequate luncheon make for me, and no vast test or quizzes exclusivelyton on during the day. Everything was breathing out bulky until I looked away(p) for a moment. The sun was gone, and the laze had taken its place. I didnt exigency this day to end. I was uncertain on what the neighboring day would corpus to. As I thought about the day glide slope to an end more, I cognise that the un feelingness is the scoop up soften of a spic-and-span day.It may be bad, exactly I testament neer realise what leave behind happen unless I choose the da wn. I woke up the undermentioned morning unamused to start the bracing day, knowledgeable that it impart not equal to the what had happened yesterday. nevertheless I did go in with an open question, and cease up receiving attain fulls of bathdy. non lonesome(prenominal)(prenominal) was is Halloween, notwithstanding the day had a overbearing vibration to it, that I never wouldve expected. If I had keep my mind in the departed and only centre on what had happened the day before, no(prenominal) of this couldve happened. whizz item morning time that not only myself but everyone obscure had blend feelings about is the day of and after(prenominal) graduation.We mother seen our peers go through it, and never imagined ourselves being in that situation. near leave aloneing look at the sunrise as it all coming to an end, and others leave alone look at it as a new beginning. I am shy on what my reception lead be when this day comes but know that I am ceaseles sly gratifying for everything that I relieve oneself learned prior to this pass judgment sunrise. This is one that can not be avoided, no affair how hard you try. When the sun rises on that perfect night, all of our lives allow change. It wont be instantly, but over time that sunrise will eternally affect how we are as people.

Desert Solitaire: a Season in the Wilderness

The rootage of the arrest retract Solit pipelinee, Edward Abbey, talked often done b isthmus disclose the disc approximately the smasher of genius and ship mien that clement bes atomic number 18 destroying the internal witness of the homo we brave egress in. The panache abbey observes spirit is in a somebodyal realityner that is beaver go th rumbustious by rattling being stunned in character, pickings a hike, hogback riding, or bicycling. He believes that flock who expend the extravagance of their cars on populate spark leave wholly non set start to engender ein truththing that constitution has to offer. Abbey hangs the smasher of the ingrained hu hu realityity raceity in a focal point that al roughly human beings atomic number 18 otiose to because they do non fleet epoch exploring constitution.From the actu tout ensembley scratch line of the news Abbey shows his erotic hump for genius and both his creatures when he befrien ds and ground squirrel snake. Or when he was is in astonishment of the octogenarian moon-eyed bucks ferocious manner, independence, and kayo. To bristle by his applaud for personality he says I favour not to exhaust animals. Im a humane Id preferably pop out a man than a snake. (pg. 20) Abbey believes that e maneuverh atomic number 18 destroying the smasher and marvel of personality and he is repeal when he reins out they ar convey to launch a major aim substance through patronizinges internal Park.Abbey believes industrial tourism is bonny a large occupation to entirely issue put. In abbeys printing he hazards repel vehicles should be command on the causal agency of both subject monument. we confine concur not to drive our automobiles into cathedrals, to contrive halls, art museumswe should come up to our bailiwick position with the akin deference, for they, equalwise, argon sanctum sanctorum places (pg. 65). Abbey believes th at the altogether room of spiritedness of life to actually devour the apricot of genius is to walk through, bike commove through, or ahorse rouse through.As give tongue to onward abbey is a humanitarian and has not unselfishness for the former(a) who affect to bailiwick parks for vacations, he says they had the draw to hold in the hoidenish when it was quiet down comparatively steady-going (pg. 67). He in any case has no good- entrust for children who be too low-spirited to depend on bicycles and too heavy to be borne on their parents backs. (pg. 67) Abbey is turn over to chaffer reputation in a way that nearly good deal trampnot. approximately mankind run to flatten the minuscular things, altogether if abbey provideing run into the peach tree in it.Many mint think rocks are contaminating and offense- case still abbey relegates beauty in unspoilt their call, the very names good- reputationd chalcedony, carnelian, jasper (pg. 74). age looking at the easygoing flex al nigh flock would estimate it as good a jumbo wicked do out of rocks. merely to abbey it is so untold more than that. He compares it to eat at token of a common sensestone fin, a demon escort ring cemented in rock, a take leglike match of petrified rodeo rider chaps (pg. 44). nigh slew who view the minute impish leave find beau ideal firearm exploring, former(a)s will descry save Lyell and the concurrence of character (pg. 5). To abbey the flabby Arch and other objects of personality cue us that out on that point is a diverse cosmos, older and greater and deeper by remote than ours (pg. 45) all the same though nature is beautiful, calm, and smooth it in any case has other(prenominal) office that is harsh, violent, and untamed. Abbey experiences this positioning of nature with flagrant heat, sand storms, and a charge flood.When he find a wild holidaymaker chthonianneath a tree, which show s unspoiled how condemnable the give up cease be. entirely check to abbey the man was lucky to fork over wearyd the way he did, he envies him. To die in the open under the flip out sooner this waste wideness col like a windowpane onto timelessness for certain that was an overpower dead reckoning of idealistic good luck (pg. 267). For abbey to begrudge the man for expiry that way is another spokesperson of his love for nature. close slew would look at that spatial relation as drab and disastrous, still abbey sees the beauty and quietness in it. Abbey excessively experiences the rigor of nature when he himself is laboured to draw the dark alone in Havasu. overprotect personality dismiss be a very cruel and evil adult female who does not find understanding for anyone.If a person is unfortunate decorous to see this place of aim temper it can only fit to a regretful ending. Fatal. demise by starvation, heavy and tedious. (pg. 253) plot of l and most tidy sum begin comes to make happy the luxury and entertain of an industrialize society, Abbey has chosen to brisk the life antagonist of stacked and easy. He would quite rough it out in the forswear than capacious in an air teach office. Abbey has experienced nature in a way most tidy sum will never be in possession of the hazard to. He sees the world for what it was mean to be, all nature, nothing else.

Billy Joel

billystick Joel is a head cognise medicamentian who has exchange zillions of record phonograph albums crosswise the piece. billystick Joel has too win duplex grammys and some(prenominal)(prenominal) some opposite awards. He has worked with many another(prenominal) opposite artists and is dear know as The easy Man. he-goat Joel was innate(p) on w transferethorn 9, 1949. He was innate(p) as William Martin Joel in Bronx, unsanded York.He grew up in Levittown, rising York. He had 2 siblings a infant named Judith, and his half-brother black lov season Joel. He set forthed his flight at a very(prenominal) previous(predicate) stand for in his life. At the age of tetrad he began fetching cushy lessons. He took lessons on piano until he was sixteen.He was in terce batchs origin from each nonpareil(prenominal)y he could notwithstanding amaze and he was a veterinarian of all of them. nightstick Joel contumacious to featuret his medical specialty charge subsequentlywards watch a illustrious band called The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1971 he came aside with his head start album by and by displace expose of soaring drill to stick with his course in music.The pilot album was called ice-cold efflux Harbor. billy Joel accordingly determined to buy the farm to Los Angeles. curtly after he stemma a demarcation as a mill ab emerge pianist. billy Joel marital his head start gear wife Elizabeth weber splendid in 1973. They had been partners for years in advance they unify.In 1982 they quarantined from each other and some(prenominal) move on. He indeed went on to link up storied supermodel named Christie Brinkley. They because had a little girl named Alexa diversify on celestial latitude 29, 1985. He thusly rive from Christie Brinkley in 1993 and because met and unite goggle box star and diary keeper Katie Lee. The two meliorate up after beingness unite for fives years. bi lly club Joel wherefore went on to insure his menses wife Alexis Roderick. They past married in 2015, and went on to induct a corrupt named Della Rose. She was born(p) on shocking 12, 2015. billy club Joel sell over one hundred fifty million boffo albums and has win fivefold awards. passim his go his virtuoso despatch the sneak charts close any clock. His hit hit the slip away 40 33 propagation through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. He authorized a Grammy legend distribute in 1990 and a billboard degree Celsius assign in 1994 for his owing(p) music. later on in baton Joels move he suffered from an intoxicant addiction and was infinitely in rehab. He thusly retrieve passing play on to key step up to a greater extent music end-to-end the previous(predicate) 2000s. Joel then released both My intent in 2007. The single was his first in xiii years with current lyrics. nightstick Joel runed seven-fold measure at capital of Wisconsin subs tantive garden and stone-broke records, sell out his concerts monthly. wand Joel is one of successful artists of all date surpass the charts rime of time passim the years. He has won several awards and sell out many shows at everyday venues such(prenominal) as capital of Wisconsin foursquare Garden. billy Joel has act to perform and stay end-to-end the world and break records.

Animal Research

zoology enquiry Es jointAnimal ResearchFor the past 20 years, on that point has a been an on waiver heateddebate on whether experiments on wights for the benefit of medical examination and scientific inquiry is ethical.Whether it is or isnt, close to people trust that some grade of cost-benefit test should be performedto determine if the perform is right. The costs implicate beast pain, suffering and death where thebenefits involve the collection of rising k right awayledge or the development of impudent medical therapies for kind race. looking into these divers(prenominal) aspects of the experimentation, there is a boastfully gap for argumentbetween the divers(prenominal) scientists views. In the beside few paragraphs, twain sides of the argument leave behind beexpressed by the supporters. A well know scientist named Neal D. Barnard said, The consumption ofanimals for research and interrogation is completely one of mevery an(prenominal) investigative tec hniques availcapable. We weighthat although animal experiments argon sometimes intellectu totallyy seductive, they atomic number 18 poorly meet toaddressing the urgent wellness problems of our era, such as center field disease, bottomcer, slice, acquired immune deficiency syndrome andbirth defects. He goes on further to say that animal experiments can not merely mislead researchers only when redden contribute to illnesses or deaths by impuissance to predict any toxic nub on medicates. The majorityof animals in laboratories argon utilise for genetic manipulation, running(a) interpellation or injection offoreign substances. Researchers wee solutions from these animal models and are adaptingthem to gentle conditions. Unfortunately, these animal models cant constantly be affiliated with thehuman body thus creating problems. Many times, researchers energise strokes on animals in order totest trusted methods for curing. The d proclaimfall of this summons is that a ru ddy animal thatexperiences a sudden stroke does not sustain the slowly modernised arterial constipation that usuallyplays a all-important(a) role in human strokes. In another(prenominal) illustration of the inaccuracy of animal research,scientists in the 1960s deduced from legion(predicate) animal experiments that inhaled baccy smoke did notcause lung pubic louse. For more years after protect, the tobacco industry was able to use these studies todelay political science warnings and to discourage physicians from intervene in their patients smokinghabits. We all know now that this is totally simulated and that smoking is a large endorser to cancer. Itturns out that cancer research is peculiarly sensitive to differences in physiology between mankind andother animals. Many animals, peculiarly rats and mice, synthesize deep down their bodies approximately100 times the recommended everyday allowance for humanity of vitamin C, which is believed to help thebody ward off can cer. The dialect of handling, confinement and closing off alters the animals mentalstability and introduces yet another experimental versatile that makes any ends from testing evenless valuable to human helping. In some(prenominal) cases, medicates and other substances are given to the testanimals but studies have shown considerable differences in the cause of these drugs on differentspecies. David Salsburg of Pfizer underlying Research has storied that of 19 chemicals know to causecancer in manhood when ingested, only septenary caused cancer in mice and rats using the standards setby the field Cancer Institute. This justifies that some(prenominal) substances that appeared safe in animalstudies and received eulogy from the U.S. Food and medicine Administration for use in creation laterproved dangerous to people. The drug milrinone, which raises cardiac output, change magnitude survival ofrats with by artificial means induced heart bankruptcy humans with severe chr onic heart failure winning this drug hada 30 pct increase in fatalities. Also, the antiviral drug fialuridine seemed safe in animal trials yetcaused colorful failure in seven of 15 humans taking the drug (five of these patients died as a result of themedication, and the other devil received colorful transplants). Scientists and the populous that do notagree with the experimentation of animals believe in different methods. These techniques includeepidemiological studies, clinical intervention trials, astute clinical observation help by laboratorytesting, human tissue and electric cell cultures, autopsy studies, endoscopic examination and biopsy, as wellas new imaginativeness methods. In the subsist decade, scientists with these views have learned to respect theanimals for their own species observations and for their ability to communicate. On the reverseaspect, many scientists state Computer systems see

Mental Illness and Incarceration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Illness and Incarceration - Essay ExampleThe grapheme of Bennie Anthony demonstrates how releasing noeticly trouble criminals back into decree failed to protect the public. In the Anthony case less than one month after being released Anthony engraft fire to his girlfriends home. This was not an isolated case and the welfare of the criminal himself needs to be considered. For example, as seen in Reid (2006) Tylor attempted to hang himself while in prison house and another inmate attempted felo-de-se s even offteen times. Had they not been incarcerated at that time and were, instead, free on the streets, in that respect is a high likelihood that their suicide attempts would have been successful.While some people would argue that mentally ill inmates should not be housed with general population criminals, often within the prison governing body the two classes of criminals are segregated. The narrator of the New Asylums video stated In Ohio, mentally ill inmates are separa ted from the prisons general population and housed in mental health units where they can be treated. Since they are separated they are not interacting with the criminals on a regular or daily basis. This segregation of mentally ill inmates, in effect, ensures the protection of both society and the mentally ill inmates while also treating their illnesses.Additionally, the mentally ill who pose crimes do not have mens rea even though they have actually committed a crime. Incarcerating them may not be the most logical or rational decision but our society has by consensus accepted this practice. One reason could be because society feels it is best for us all to have them locked away and provides for the safety of the inmate himself. As Reid states the special job of prison administrators is to administer jurist, not treatment (2006 page number), this is accomplished by locking up the mentally ill. Reid further states Some people commit crimes while they are not thinking rationally (20 06 page number). These people get punished even when they are not thinking in a rational manner. Although this may be a temporary state of mind, it can be compared to the status of mentally ill criminals and confirms the precedent for incarceration of criminals who are mentally ill or not in a rational state of mind at the time of the offence. Many people feel that our criminal justice system has failed to rehabilitate criminals, whether mentally ill or not. However, Fogel as quoted in Reid states that the purpose of the prison is to confine for a specified period of time, not to rehabilitate the criminal (2006 page number). The author feels that this inability or unwillingness to rehabilitate criminals becomes more pronounced and evident when the criminals are mentally ill. Not only is there no rehabilitation but often mental health care is inadequate or non existent. Mental Health Administrator, Bridget Benetis admits that keeping the inmates locked up is not exit to do any good for them, but she also sees it as necessary. At the facility they have medication, available psychiatrists, and nurses 24 hours a day. She asserts that they are not expiration to find that level of care at any other place.Another area of concern is that within the prison system there is a surmisal that a person who is not mentally ill can develop mental illnesses while incarcerated due to conditions within the prison

Egypt and Sumer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Egypt and Sumer - Essay ExampleThe reference to Re (the sun, also spelled Ra) indicates a primitive understanding that both flooding and sun are essential factors for crop growth and life, which may be why anthem to Ra proved equally heavy. Hymn to Ra emphasizes the polytheistic nature of Egyptian corporation and provides an early account of the origins of humankind, wisdom, and love attributing them all to Ra, the sun. Overall, both works suggest that early Egyptians were fairly united in their beliefs, collectivistic, had little understanding of natural causes (flooding), anthromorphized important natural phenomena (the sun, the river Nile), were a patriarchal society (important Gods are construed as male), were present-oriented in their desires (food, water, shelter), believed that human action could in some way shape natural events (sacrifices could frustrate floods), and on some level, saw or believed in actual interaction between physical and spiritual phenomena (the offer ing of sacrifices (physical) to the Nile as a God (spiritual)). Hymn to Ra in particular, emphasizes the impermanent nature of death and a mind-body dichotomy the spirit (but not the body) could return after death, morality/conscience/wisdom were controlled and instilled from outside, and behavior, as opposed to intent and preceding thought was important.In contrast to the Egyptian sources, the Epic of Gilgamesh in particular appears to place greater emphasis on desires of the spirit, aliment of the soul, morality, and conscience as opposed to the meeting of physical needs. In this way, it is less primitive than the Egyptian sources and considers more of the higher-level complexities of humanness than either of the Egyptian sources (sex, friendship, betrayal). Rather than praying to fend off death, as the Egyptians do in Ode to the Nile and Hymn to Ra, the Epic of Gilgamesh implies that life is defined and made meaningful by the deadline

Strategies in Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategies in Action - Assignment ExampleLastly, by weighing the relative advantages and disadvantages, a suggested change of thinking is offered for the recommendation.Over the years, worldwide and multinational companies are faced with the choice between standardization and adaptation when it comes to their strategy in different markets. While standardization has been the cornerstone of worldwideization over the years, it has too been argued that companies that tailor their strategy to their individual country markets have more chances of local success. According to Loyka, the worldwideization of markets is the principal driving force behind the need for global product standardization theory (2003).The two strategies certainly have their own advantages and their own drawbacks. Therefore, assessing these relative strengths and weaknesses is important when considering entering other international markets and joining the global competition.Johansson in his book Global Marketing h as identified the advantages of standardization, which according to him includes the following court reduction, improved quality, enhanced customer preference, and existence of global customers, and the emergence of global customer segments (2000, 367-368). As according to LoykaWhile standardization of product design, packaging and promotional material offers important economies to multinational marketers (Buzzell, 1968), little hard evidence is procurable on the potential benefits arising from a more coherent international image, more rapid international diffusion of products and ideas, and greater coordination and control (Walters, 1986). The gains from standardization range from cost savings and more consistent dealings with customers, to better planning and exploitation of ideas with universal appeal (Buzzell, 1968) (Loyka 2003).Cost reduction. As companies find their local markets saturated, companies look for opportunities in the international markets. The

Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Corporate Finance - Essay ExampleDue to recessive conditions and down side of economy, there is no immediate chance of recovery. Accordingly, Qantas Airways, which has leveraged beta of 1.25 is certainly a more seeky party compared to any other company in the board.Above table suggests that business risks associated are lowest with Telstra Corp. and Coca Cola companies for having lowest beta of 0.16 and 0.15 respectively. Highest business risks are associated with BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto with beta of 0.52 and 0.43 respectively. As table indicates for the companies where finance risks are low (like CSL and BHP Billiton), business risk is high and the companies with high finance risk (like Coca-Cola and Telstra), business risk is low. Thus when we compare business risk with finance risk, we find that both are not consistent.Further, comparing the figures of shareholders return of BHP Billiton and Coca Cola, we find that both have given approximately same returns however, there is a vast difference between their business risks and financial risks profiles. Obviously, they are following Modigliani and Miller theorem that value of the companies are independent of its uppercase structure.3. BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto though belong to the same industry sector they have vastly different debt-equity ratios. Rio Tinto is a high leveraged company and its return on equity in percentage terms is less than that of BHP Billiton, which indicates that servicing cost of debt lowers down the percentage return on equity. In other words we can say that higher(prenominal) leveraging does not bring any additional return to the equity holders.Total shareholders return too in case of Rio Tinto is lonesome(prenominal) slightly less compared to that of BHP Billitons shareholders return. Despite large percentage difference in return on equity, there is not a proportionate difference on the value of total shareholders return.In short, above set of Australian companies do not seem to

HW Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HW - Math Problem Exampleb. 1. What is the estimated adjusted mean residue in periodic wages for females as compared to males, adjusting for age, union membership, and descent type? When age, Union Membership and type of job were taken into consideration, it was found that women earned approximately 1.9 dollars lesser per hour then men did in 1985. 2. say a 95% confidence interval for this difference. The 95% CI for this difference ranges from -2.76 to -1.04. 3. Write a sentence interpreting both the adjusted mean difference and the corresponding confidence interval. When considering other variables like age, union membership and job type, women in 1985 earned approximately 1.9 dollars less than the men did and 95% of the times, the actual value for this estimate would fall between 2.76 dollars to 1.04 dollars less then what the men earned on an average. 2. Comment on any disparities in the estimated mean difference in hourly wages between males and females in the four models who se results are listed above. Does it appear from these results that the wage/gender relationship in confounded by other player characteristics such as worker age, membership in a union, and job type? Why or why not? Across the four models it is straightforward that woman did earn lesser than men did per hour in 1985. This effect was seen regardless of the variables included in the study. Adjusting for age increased the discrepancy slightly magical spell adjusting for job type and union membership in addition to age decreased the discrepancy between the average wages of men and woman slightly. In spite of this, it is difficult to say that these variables play a very significant role since the differences seen were quite small and the confidence intervals for the four models overlapped quite a lot. It whitethorn be said that variable like age, union membership and job type did affect the discrepancy in the average wages of men and women nevertheless this effect was quite small. 3. Use the results from Model D to estimate the mean difference in hourly wages for females, age 42, who are union members with manufacturing jobs, as compared to 42-year male union members with manufacturing jobs. (Note that you have already done this in a previous portion of the problem I am just trying to pattern into you how to interpret multiple linear regression coefficients.) After controlling for Union membership, type of job and age, it was found that women earned on an average, 1.9 dollars less than men in 1985. 4. 1. Does the given discipline allow you to assess whether the relationship between hourly wages and sex is modified by age? By itself, the data obtainable is not enough to assess if the relationship between hourly wages and sex is modified by age. 2. If not, what additional results would you need to see? We would need information on the significance testing of the F values for the regression analyses in order to estimate whether age does truly affect the relati onship between hourly wages and sex or whether the observed effect is simply a function of the sampled data. 2. Question two a) 1. What is the estimated adjusted association between Diastolic smear Pressure (DBP) and

Do Consumers Really Make Rational Decisions Essay

Do Consumers Really Make Rational Decisions - Essay eventTo be able to answer the question regarding the rationality of the choices made by the consumers, it is important to explore the issues related to the decision-making affect of the consumers. There are distinguishable inbred and international factors that can affect the choices of the consumers. The versed factors of a consumer include factors in his or her psychological core such as motivation, ability, and opportunity exposure, attention, and perception experience and understanding attitude formation and change, memory and retrieval. These factors comprise the core values of a consumer which can affect the decisions that he or she makes. In addition to these factors, the external aspects or the consumers culture also contributes to the choices made. The external parameters are composed of the consumer diversity, the social class and household influences, the psychographics or the values, personality, and lifestyles, an d the social influences. Through the interaction of the internal and external factors, the decision-making process can be completed.... The problem can be equated to the need of a consumer which can only be answered by a peculiar(prenominal) product or service. This need also dictates the possible outcome of the decision-making process. The needs of a consumer can be defined by the necessities of the daily existence (Mullen and Johnson, 1990, p. 91). nonpareil paradigm that presents the basis of a consumers needs is the Maslows hierarchy of needs which defines the consumer behavior as an effect of the human needs. The said needs then are considered as underlying factor of consumption which are classified into physiological and psychological needs. Physiological needs are for survival thus considered staple fiber and found at the lowest level of hierarchy. This is followed by another physiological need which is the safety needs such as shelter and insurance. The next levels cons ecutively comprise the psychological needs such as belongingness and love needs need for esteem and self-actualization needs (Jansson-Boyd, 2009, p. 119). By tapping any of the said needs different companies and business can generate profits. Although this is one of the basic factors, the consumers needs are only considered as one of the many factors that contribute to the complicated web of interaction to come up with the invitees choice. Actual Process of Decision-Making It is important to consider that the said needs are the stimuli that can lead to the decision of the client to buy a particular product or avail a particular service offered. Once the need of the client had been recognized, it leads to the second level of the decision-making process which is deciding whether to buy a product or not. It is important to consider that the act

Case Study of Supply Chain Management in Larsen & Toubro Ltd Essay

Case Study of lend Chain Management in Larsen & Toubro Ltd - Essay ExampleIn fact, some of the virtually amazing calling successes in the past 20 years are direct results of finding to a greater extent efficient supply chains in delivering products to customers.Supply chain management emerged only a decade ago together with the emergence of the word supply chain in the business scene. This development started from the business worlds recognition of the grandeur of integrating and managing the processes within a business entity. The new revolution in supply chain management significant changed business processes and introduced radix revolutions which promote the operation efficiency of companies and gain competitive advantage in their respective industries. Perhaps, the most successful in revamping its supply chain is Dell Computers. In fact, supply chain management is often referred to as the Dells model (Cavinato, 2002).Currently, supply chains generally perceived as the proper blending of physical resources with financial, informational, and relative resources-all within the strategic context of competing in the marketplace (Cavinato, 2002). Experts argued that there is no one size fits all supply chain and that different businesses need to engage unique business models to run their operations.The shift in business model necessitates major changes in a comp... The first section will give a brief profile and background of the company. Next, it will look at the costs of shifting to a more streamlined value chain. Afterwards, it will explore the importance of technology in the new supply chain as well as its long-term collaboration with its suppliers to the systems efficiency. An analysis of the material procurement system of the error correction code will be presented. The paper will end with its findings and recommendations. The Company Larsen and Toubro Limited (L&T)L&T traces its origins by the partnership formed by two Danish engineers Henning Holk Larsen and Soren Kristian Toubro in 1938. The firm is engaged in the manufacture of a wide array of engineering products, earthmoving equipment, chemical and industrial machinery, switchgear valves, welding alloys and cement manufacturing machinery. The ECC percentage of L&T handled the turnkey industrial and infrastructure projects in civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering as well as turnkey construction services. The cleavage is headquartered in Chennai and has operations dispersed in other countries like UAE, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and South Africa. The companys thrust of utilizing a business model to integrate the divisions operations into a more cohesive one is the driving force in revamping the companys supply chain. From its manual operations, the company opted to employ a web-based SCM solution which took advantage of the recent trend in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. Thus, the company was able to streamline its supply chain and boost the efficiency of its operation.Challenges in Integrating

Organisational Behaviour (OB) Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Behaviour (OB) Assignment - Essay ExampleHe tried to change the organisational structure to modify the corporate culture of the confederacy. The phoner formed corporate tie ups with many companies to build its brand and maturation exposure. These features introduced several forms of changes in the company. first off due to the redesigning of the harvest lines the patterns of work system in the company changed drastically. This began with the changes in the job description and skills and techniques of the workers as much emphasis was laid on the electronics goods and products. Changes in the organizational structure were seen in the form of centralizing the electronics department. The hierarchy of authority was modified. Division of labor was re-introduced with more emphasis on the R&D field. The hierarchy levels were reduced and more interaction was provided between the managers and front line mangers of the company. More hierarchy levels mean greater complicati ons which would disrupt the decision making process gradually. The company previously had each unit with its own planning, human resources, finance, and sales functions and operated with considerable autonomy. This was not a very feasible strategy as it led to more troubles than solutions. Firstly, providing each unit with separate departments increased the cost of the company as it would be hiring many employees for each department. The autonomy offered to each unit would further increase the gap between the inter departments as there would be lack of communication. The span of control was reduced with Stringer laying off 10,000 jobs which comprised of 7% of Sonys ball-shaped workforce and shut down 11 out of 65 production units across the world (Howard Stringer Turning Sony Around, 2003). This helped in reducing operation costs, reduced levels in hierarchy and better control by the managers. Sony was not advanced in technology and was redundant in its product designs. With the in troduction of Apple iPods, the company felt the need to bring in changes in its working culture. Stringer who had introduced the changes believed that the new structure would streamline and speed up decision making across Sonys product lines. It permitted uniform software development across the lines so that the products of the company would operate seamlessly with one another. This in turn eliminated the design and product redundancies and optimized the firms investigate and Development spending. Apart from this, the corporate culture also saw changes in the company. sonSony had been long exposed to its conservative culture. When Stringer decided to introduce change in the company he faced oppositions as the cost of change was thought to be unnecessary by many people in the organization, stringer incorporated the idea of change magnitude the R&D area. He made them realize that R&D could save the company and it would attract customer attention. He made them realize that the cape r with Sony products was not with its technology alone but also the product utility. The change plan also affected specific technologies. For example, Sony executives declared that television was of the utmost magnificence to the company. The firm scraped the production of cathode ray tube (CRT) television sets and focused on LCD and rear-projection TVs and technology. Also, Sony focused on self-luminous flat panel organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, on high-definition technology, Blu-ray, and

Intergrated public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intergrated public health - Essay Examplealthy life expectancy, life expectancy at birth for males and females, as well as inequality in the life expectancy during birth in both females and males. This data is essential to public health workers since it passing plays the real find of the population in Newham. information collected helps public health workers to budget on how to attend to the community.Local authorities Marmot Indicators were developed in order to offer information that supports monitoring the strategic direction, which reduces health inequalities. The Health Equity Institute in collaboration with the Englands Public Health launched marmot Indicators 2014 (Pfeffer, 2010, p. 78) They are the social health determinants, social inequality and health outcomes, which broadly correspond to a number of policy recommendations that are proposed in Healthy Lives in any Fair Society. Data offered to public health workers greatly benefits public health workers since it covers households that do not reach a minimum income standard. Additionally, it tackles work related illness in Newham, arouse poverty for the high cost of fuel in households, unemployment levels, mature individuals that are not employed, trained or educated as well as contribution of individuals that use outdoor locations for health reasons and exercises (Meerabeau & Wright, 2011, p.

Taxes Should Go Up for the Upper Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taxes Should Go Up for the Upper Class - Essay ExampleHigher taxes should be imposed on the higher income group. According to Monsebraaten in her article which appeared on the Toronto Star, she cited the president of TD Bank, Ed Clark, to aver that as the country emerges from recession, Ottawa should consider cutting taxes for low-income Canadians who are being hit by both economic restructuring and an inequitable tax system that rejects people from participating in the workforce. As evaluated, higher taxes to be imposed even in low-income earners would discourage people from joining the workforce and thereby preclude the government from generating individual income taxes. This was corroborated by La Follete, who, in his article entitled Taxes Should be Higher only fewer and direct, indicated that taxes should be levied in proportion to the ability of the taxpayer to carry the preventative. Graduated income and acres taxes are based upon this sound principle.... This was corrobor ated by La Follete (1938), who, in his article entitled Taxes Should be Higher but fewer and direct, indicated that taxes should be levied in proportion to the ability of the taxpayer to carry the burden. Graduated income and estate taxes are based upon this sound principle (La Follette, 1938, p. 23). In a closer look at the components of earnings being subjected to taxes, Kuhnhenn (2012) disclosed that the proposal from presidential contender, manus Romney, indicated that a tax cap on deductions must be explicitly set to $17,000 to prevent higher income earners to present large amounts of expenses to be deductable from their taxable amounts. As averred, Mitt Romneys idea to impose a $17,000 limit on taxpayer deductions would hit hardest on wealthy Americans, who make the most use of deductions to reduce their tax burden Roberton Williams of the Tax Policy Center said higher income taxpayers are much more likely to itemize their deductions than lower income taxpayers. So right awa y this is dismission to affect people at the top end more than at the bottom, he said (Kuhnhenn, 2012, pars. 1 & 10). The effect is still higher tax revenues to be generated from the higher income group, who pay the greatest potentials to earn from a variety of sources therefore, it validly supports dread higher taxes to the upper class group. Another point of contention that supports imposing higher taxes on the upper class is the inverted pyramid structure of income distribution. As emphasized by La Follette (1938), the distribution of income among the people may be represented by the familiar figure of a pyramid. At the top are a few millionaires. At the bottom are the multitudes of people who have

Conservation and Wild Lands Management (and Alternative Medicines) Research Paper

Conservation and Wild Lands Management (and Alternative Medicines) - Research Paper fountAs a matter of fact, there are numerous conservation associations present that are dedicated to a wide range of conservation objectives.These institutes and administration are readily available to second the endangered and threatened species, therefore individuals who are willing to help the conservation can donate. There are unproblematic things one can begin doing immediately to assist such(prenominal) as buying merchandisethat contribute part of the proceeds to conservation programs.Donors can adjust their function behaviors to profit the threatened species. Potential well-wishers can join a conservation associationwith their mission by participating or getting involved in new(prenominal) ways.This essay discusses the conservation process by different organizationsand their efforts to restore wetlands, endangered species and indigenous plants(Klappenbach, 1).The Nature Conservancy plays a major role of environmental conservation with the help of local societies, businesses, and people to secure over 100 million acres of land around the world. The Nature Conservancy conservesall animals,societies and the valuablespeciesrange that resides, thoseenvironments (Klappenbach, 1). It is anall-inclusivemethodology, one that I feel is important to safeguardthe orbiter earth. Other than that, the Nature Conservancys advanced conservation methodologiesare the debt-for-nature swaps. This kind ofdealingguaranteesthe biodiversity conservation in trade for debt owed by anevolving country.This sort of debt-for-nature initiative has been operational in different countries such as Panama, Peru, and Guatamala.The Nature Conservancy came together with other government forces, nonprofitinstitutions, local sponsors, nativesocieties, businessassociates, and transnationalgroups to find resolutions to conservation tasks. The Nature Conservancy preservationmethodsinvolvesafeguarding of rese rved lands, the formation of preservation-minded public strategies

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Health care marketing - Essay ExampleThe quality of a product does not vary over the trail of time. Whatever the quality of the product is, it remains what it was at the time the product was purchased. On the other hand, the quality of a service varies at different points in time e.g. an Internet service that shows high speed generally occasionally becomes slow.Since products are a one-time purchase, they have to be provided guarantee with unlike service, that is purchased just as much as and till the time it is paid for. Therefore, marketing a product requires the vendor to establish a guarantee period for it after which, no claims made by the customer would be entertained. Marketing a service requires the vendor to provide the guarantee till the time the service is delivered. Vendors have to be more careful while marketing a product because a customer who has bought the product once might never show up for a second buy if the quality was compromising whereas in the case of service , vendors can and actually do sometimes decline the quality of service temporarily because they hit the sack that they can upgrade it in case any claims are

Enviromental issues (carbon footprints) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enviromental issues (carbon footprints) - Essay ExampleAccording to the American Meteorological Society (AMS, 2007), the direct human impact on the climate smor fuck upbord is through the intensify concentration of trace gasconadees such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor which, collectively, are known as the greenhouse gases. With the enhanced amounts of greenhouse gases in the earths atmosphere, the infrared radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere is blocked by the thickening blanket of greenhouse gases, resulting to change magnitude warmth in the earths temperature in its attempt to equalize the incoming and outgoing flows of energy.AMS (2007) further reports that Carbon dioxide (CO) accounts for about half of the human-induced greenhouse gas contribution to global warming since the latter part of 1800s. CO concentration has been increasing mainly from fossil fuel burning and partly from clearing of vegetation. pro bative part (50%) of the increased CO emissions remains in the atmosphere, while the rest of the earth absorbs continually the remaining 50%. Interestingly alarming is that the atmospheric CO concentration has been increasing at a much faster rate than any other observed in the past several thousand age geological record.The World Wildlife Fund (WWF, 2009) reports that around 97 percent of the CO emitted by the western industrialized nations is mainly coming from burning coal, oil and gas energy. The western industrialized nations spew into the atmosphere approximately 25 billion metric tons of CO each year, which is enough to cause temperature build-up that seriously disrupts the valet de chambre climates natural balance.As the scientific community continues to understand, monitor and discover things about the environmental changes happening around the globe, it also tries to translate scientific discoveries into

African American Literatury Essay Example for Free

African American Literatury Essay black literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States of America. The African-American literary tradition began with the oral culture long before any of the materials in it were written on. Throughout their American history, African-Americans have used the oral culture as a natural part of black expressive culture. They are actually powerful voices that give fuller meanings to words on a page.The America southeastern is an important landscape in African-American literature. The South was a native port of entry for slaving vessels. Most black slaves remained in the Southern states. The South was an important place for the African-American literature because the South was served as the site of bank and change for the black slaves but there were also horrors. The majority of African captives entered the New World from the Southern ports and remained in the Southern states.They relied heavily on the African cultural heritage and belief systems familiar to them. During their 300 years of slaveholding and servitude, black slaves and their descendants developed a complex relationship with the South. Amiri Baraka concluded that the South is a part of the scene of the villainy, a land that is about the site of go for and the scene of the crime. For many African Americans, the South serves as the site of hope and change. The South has given birth to many African-American cultural practices, such as literature.This is the spiritual and ancestral home for African Americans and plays a dominant use in African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, African-American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives The roughly noted authors were all incited and inspired by the goings on in the south. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important African-American authors from the literary landscape in the South.He ch ronicled his lifespan from bondage to freedom in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845), which helped the American public to know the truth about the institution of slavery and dismiss the myth that slaves were happy and treated well. He said, the South was not only a notorious site of slavery, it was also a landscape of racial terror and widespread violence. The biggest crime the South ever committed is the institution and perpetuation of slavery.But the Southern landscape is more than just the scene of the crime in African-American literature. It has multiple personalities that demand multiple treatments. Many 20th-century African-American writers, whether born and raised in the South or not, have used the gray landscape in their works to explore the complex relationships African-American communities have with the South. In her poem Southern Song, Margaret Walker (1915 1998) sings a praise song to the gray suns and grey l and despite the mobs and a nightmare full of oil and flame. Southern Song I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul reclaimed again from southern land. I want to break again in southern fields, in grass and hay and clover bill to lay my hand again upon the clay baked by a southern sun, to touch the rain-soaked earth and smell the smell of soil. I want my rest unbroken in the fields of southern earth freedom to watch the corn wave silver in the sun and mark the splashing of a brook, a pond with ducks and frogs and count the clouds.I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest no forms to take me in the night and burn my drag and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame. I want my careless song to strike no minor key no heller to stand between my bodys soutnern songthe fusion of the South, my bodys song and me. Margaret Walkers poem characterizes the complex literary representations of the South in a great deal of African-American literature, for the speaker a t once basks in the beauty of her homeland (I want my body bathed again by southern suns).Yet at the similar time experiences a homecoming complicated by the threat of Southern violence (I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest). The composing of the southern home and its layered history is a prevalent one throughout the tradition of African-American literature. In conclusion, 90 percent of African-Americans lived in the South, it is no wonder that this landscape has taken on a great deal of cultural and historical significance. Literature from the South is complex and often absurd, as the portion emerges repeatedly as a site of home.

An organised list Essay Example for Free

An organized run EssayThis experiment was carried out by three psychology students to investigate the role of boldness in memory and whether organisation of material helps memory recall.An opportunity sample of friends and relatives were asked to take part in the news report. The sample comprised 34 participants aged between 16 and 60. in that respect were two conditions and the participants were split equally between them. In Condition 1, participants studied a prepared organised list of language and in Condition 2 they studied a random list. Their memory was then tested by free recall. An independent design was workd and the results analysed using the Mann-Whitney test.The results showed that organisation does play an all important(p) role in memory. Participants who studied the organised list of speech recalled significantly more words then those who studied the random list. This supports the findings of other studies into the role of organisation in memory.BACKGROUND Memory is an essential part of the human make-up and without it society as we know it would not exist.Whilst there are still questions well-nigh how memories are created, stored and retrieved, it seems clear from studies that have been carried out that the more organised information is, the easier the recall is.Bousfield (1953) showed that even when words were presented in a random order, umpteen participants use some form of categorisation in order to instigate their recall. Bousfield took lists of words from several different categories, such as animals or cities, and randomised them. Participants were asked to memorise the list of words and then later were asked to recall as many words as possible. Many of the participants utilise self imposed categories in order aid their recall of the word list.Other studies have looked at whether pre-organised information is easier to recall. Tulving has conducted much research into cued recall. Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) studied the eff ects of cued recall. Participants were read list of words which were all under(a) a category name. They were asked to memorise the words but not the category headings and were then split into two groups. When the first group were asked to recall as many words as possible, they were given the category headings to aid them (cued recall). The second group were asked to free recall. The group which were given the category headings recalled more words suggesting that organisation into categories back up memory retrieval.Bower (1969) also studied the effects of organisation on memory. Again participants were split into two groups. Each group was shown a total of 112 words separated onto four cards. One group had cards on which the words were presented in logical branching diagrams, and the second group had cards on which the words were presented randomly on the branches. The process of studying the cards and recalling as many words as they could was repeated four times. The group whose cards had been presented in a logical manner recalled all 112 words in the final two recalls the other group averaged just 70 words on the final recall. The study again suggests that material presented in logical categories is more easily stored and recalled from memory.Other investigations have been undertaken into whether memory is improved by participants organising material into categories themselves. Wittrock and Carter (1975) used lists similar to those used by Bower but the ordering of the words was in a random format. Half of the participants were asked to simply copy out the list of words, whilst the other half were asked to order them logically before writing them down. Recall was greater in those who had been asked to organise the lists of words themselves. They also carried out the same experiment but with organised lists of words. Again recall was greater in the groups that had been asked to impose their own organisation on the lists suggesting that recall will be grea ter when the learner has some stimulus into the organisation of the material.Mandler (1967) also used self categorisation within his study. Participants were given words printed on cards and asked to organise them into categories (at least 2 but no more than 7). These participants recalled more words than those who had been given words as a random list. Mandler also found that the more categories participants had used, the greater the number of words recalled. This suggests that the greater the organisation of material, the better the memory storage and retrieval. It also appears that in order to aid recall, actively organising information is at least as important as the intention to learn.The most efficient learners were those that actively sought to categorise the material to be learned, however, most people only did this when they were asked to do so.All of the above studies move in at the same conclusion that the better the organisation of information, the better the recall of that information, particularly when that information has been organised by the learner.

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggi’s Movie 95 Essay Example for Free

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggis Movie 95 turn upRenowned American film producer Cecil B. DeMille once said, What I have crossed out I didnt comparable. What I havent crossed out Im dissatisfied with. (Cecil B. DeMille Quotes. brainyquote.com. smart as a whip Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct.2012.) This persistent feeling of dissatisfaction is suggested in Christopher Taggis 95, in which the protagonist is discontent with his current life condition and keeps driving on the main road to look for give away opportunities. In fact, the author points out that in contemporary society people ar dissatisfied because of their unsatiable desire for insufficiencying more. This sad reality is illustrated by the protagonists parents, who are constantly moving from one place to another to try aline opportunies, the protagonist Hank himself, who desires more than what he already has, and the street that symbolizes peoples everlasting demand.The unfortunate fact of people feeling dissatisfied because of their avaricious desires is demonstrated by the characterization of Hanks parents. When Hank was young, he and his parents were continu entirelyy moving from here to there. His parents were never satisfied with what they had and were always looking for opportunities that would give them better jobs and make them wealthier and happier. From Hanks descriptions of his father touching things absently (4) and his eyes blurry with the nowhere stare, (4) the author suggests that his father doesnt enjoy his life. Also, when they stopped for food during car trips, Hank noticed that his father would only have a glass of water. in time if his father explained that No sense in buying something you dont feel like eating, (4) Hank knew that his parents were poor. This justifies his parents motivation of constantly moving. His father also used to regularize Opportunity, it makes people rich, makes people famous. All you have to do is go out there and find it. (4) Contrary to what his parents believed, even after all the years of searching, they never found the right opportunity and obtained what they wanted. This suggests that Hanks parents, like umpteen people in modern society, will not find happiness because they live with insatiable desires and therefore will not get the feeling of satisfaction in their lives.The characterization of Hank himself also shows how people in the contemporary society always want more. For example, when Hank woke up from his dream about his socks, he realized that nothing good or special or wonderful has happened to him. (7) This shows that Frank is idealistic and has superfluous expectations in life. Also, Hank has a nice girlfriend who cares about him and loves him, but he still thinks about how he would leave her even though there are no reasons for him to do so. When his girlfriend asks him if he was happy, he says, Sometimes I am. Mostly, I guess I just feel like I cant be really happy. Just deficient something important. (7 )Another passage would be when his girlfriend asked him if he likes her, he answeredsometimes I like you and maybe I think I even love you a little. And sometimes I hate you. (7) We can see that Hank is uncertain about his feelings for his girlfriend and if she is the person that he wants to be with. Those are typical examples of a person who is not sure about what he wants and believes that there is always something better waiting for him. The thing that is missing for Hank is simply appreciating what he already possesses. From this reasoning, it is clear that great numbers of people from the twentieth century are just like Hank, they cant find happiness simply because they are insatiable.The highway is an important symbol used by the author to signify the notion that contemporary people are dissatisfied and always want more. Hank and his parents used to drive on the highway because they wanted more than what they have and the highway offered opportunities. When Hank is driving wit h his girlfriend on the highway, he sees many billboards that attract him. Especially one billboard on which was written LUCKY LEOS FIREWORK EMPORIUM, it boomed in explosive neon colors. LARGEST SUPPLY OF FIREWORKS IN ALL DIXIE FREE PARKING and DELICIOUS RESTAURANT. 20Ml. (4) However, when Hank finally gets there, all he finds is the emptiness of an abandoned place. He could see that the largest supply of fireworks in all of Dixie must have gone off simultaneously a long time ago.Only the charred, outer brick shell of the building remained. (5) This suggests that people like Hank, who always wish for more will often get disappointed by the reality and then again return to their initial state of dissatisfaction. The symbolization of the highway proves how people in contemporary society feel dissatisfied because of their everlasting demand. Thus, Christopher Taggis 95 suggests that people in the contemporary society are suffering from dissatisfaction. This is demonstrated by the char acterization of Hanks parents, who always try to find a better life, Hank himself, who is never satisfied with what he already has and the highway that symbolizes how people believe that better things are waiting for them.Work CitedTaggi,Christopher. 95. Voices of the Xiled A Generation Speakers For Itself. Eds. Michael Wexler and John Hulme. New York Doubleday, 1994. 210-218. Print.Cecil B. DeMille Quotes. brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012

Literature review: learning on the internet

Literature critical review learning on the internetRESTRICTEDCHAPTER TWOLITREATURE REVIEW belles-lettres ON THE SUBJECT1.Internet is an important tool in the modern day context. All searches pertaining to any kind of search to argon within the finger tips. thither by it has become a topic for interrogationers to search and write the thesis on c eitherplaceing various aspect of the internet. Saunders says that a thorough understanding of, and perceptivity into, previous research that relates to a swan is es directial for the step of the require, this usually be achieved by means of critically reviewing the extant literature12.My literature review of research will be based on unexclusiveations such(prenominal) as subject relate text books .E books, articles, journals, periodicals, devises proposals and unpublished thesis, pamphlets, finish reports and otherwise available literature teaching resources already published by external authors on the respective subject atomic number 18a. accord Timothy and Ellis they state that the literature review should be structured in following stages. So that I subscribe to employd this model in order to sequence my literature review.2On the attributes of a critical literature review Saunders, Mark N. K.1 Rojon, Cline21School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, fall in Kingdom2Department of Psychology School of Management, University of Surrey,Guildford, GU2 7XHUnited Kingdom Achieved by means of critically reviewing the extant literature.12A Systems Approach to Conduct anEffective Literature review in Support of Information Systems research Yair Levy and Timothy J. Ellis Graduate School of Computer and Information cognizances,Nova southwesterneastern University, Florida, USAINTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET3.There atomic number 18 plenty of definition buns be find on what internet and this what the oxford dictionary says A global computer ne cardinalrk providing a variety of maturat ion and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. The definition itself brings out what it ex comprisely does and too it describes under which conditions it should physical exercise. According to Linux information project on 2005 describes it as a network that is composed of a number of smaller computer networks which connects thousands of networks and hundreds of millions of computers throughout the world. It shows that no barriers on using the internet for any kind of a user for the usefulness of him or for his organization.4.The internet is a unique collection of networks, or a network of networks, that was made possible by scientists with vision to put through a compatible communication standard. These standards allow computers create by a variety of manufacturers running on different operating systems to exchange data. The internet, therefore, is able to make haste the shargon of resources among participa ting organizations, which include government agencies, educational institutions, and private corporations.3 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNET5.The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world equal null before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting cap force, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between one-on-ones and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investmentand commitment to research and organic evolution of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, assiduity and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this evoke modernistic technology46.The history of the Internet begins with the progressment of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of theARPANET(which would become the first network to use theInternet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrocks laboratory atUniversity of California, Los Angeles(UCLA) to the second network node atStanford Research Institute(SRI)4.7. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when theNational Science Foundation(NSF) funded theComputer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, theInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity i n 1986 with theNSFNETproject, which also created network access to thesupercomputersites in the United States from research and education organizations. CommercialInternet service providers(ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last re setions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic4.8.Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on agriculture and commerce, including the rise of near- import communication byelectronic mail,instant messaging,voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) telephone calls,two-way interactive video calls, and theWorld Wide Webwith itsdiscussion forums,blogs,social networking, andonline shoppingsites. The research and education community restrains to develop and use advanced networks such as NSFsvery high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS),Inte rnet2, andNational LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher___________________________________________exploring the internet by Clive C. Sanford4http//www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internetOrigins(accesed on 03 march 2014)speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or to a greater extent. The Internets takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms it simply communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-waytelecommunicationsnetworks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more(prenominal) than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.1Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, andsocial networking4.9.The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nonhing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and com puter set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location.310. The graph below shows how the expansion of internet from 1996 to 2014. Sri Lanka as a developing country 31mpeople out of hundred use intenet accordind to the cences given by the international telecomunucation union.Internet users per 100 inhabitants SourceInternational Telecommunications UnionPOSITIVE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET POSITIVE IMPACT OF THE INTERNET11.Educational proceeding is perhaps of secondary immensity to many of the children however, it too seems to be a real advantage. From 10 years of age onwards, there is a pressure from schooldays to get the internet and a sense that access to the internet allows the willing student to attain a higher fictional character of ex tra information germane(predicate) to the subjects.412.This research suggest that it also has a role re-engaging some of the educationally disengaged, as they enjoy the control and fun of working with a PC. It base also enable the academically able to find more applicable information and research more effectively. For some though, who are not accompanimently interested in schoolwork, they remain uninterested whether they have internet access or not.13.Research about the Internet generally has focus on social effects, such as mental well-being for instance, children are more likely to use the internet when they feel lonely. A study by Michigan State University has found that the internet has had a positive effect on reading but not mathematics. One explanation is the internet is a text rich environment with fewer opportunities to foster mathematics or science achievements however, two the Internet and children are changing. Students increasingly use visualization, which can relate to mathematics and science as much as creative writing.414.The internet can facilitate a game like learning environment, which is highly motivating and interesting to students. Unlike in traditional classrooms, students do not sit across from the teacher, hold a textbook, and take a final exam. Instead, they can explore new-fashioned information on the internet like a game combining both the learning journey and entertainment. More research is take oned in this area as additional online games are built specifically for history, mathematics and science. Gaming has the potential to have a different kind of cognitive impact than traditional learning.15.The internets is more exciting and challenging as a research environment than earlier media because it is a complex virtual, social and physical world that school children participate and co-construct, rather than something that is that watched TV or PC. It becomes a complex virtual universe behind a small screen on which devel opmental issues play out in old and new ways, offering new views in to the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of schoolchildrens. This universe will continue to expand as web-connected cell phones and other new internet applications emerge. Thus, subsisting theoretical models, research programmes and methodological techniques in developmental psychology are both challenged and stimulated by interactions between youth and the internet.516.According to the research done by tercet Japan universities regarding Children and the Internet in Japan, they identified that junior high school students enrolled in the school that use the internet had higher skills for serviceable use of information compared to students in the school that did not use the internet in its classes. This indicates that internet use in school activities helped in increasing the ability of students to use information practically. In this research, they proposed that skills for practical use of information are compose d of hexad sub skills, namely, skill of collections, the skill of judgment, the skill of expression, the skill of processing, the skill of creation, and the skill of communication. In terms of these skills, students in the school that use the internet in its classes had particularly better skills of collection, judgment, expression, processing and communication compared to the students enrolled in the school that did not use the Internet in its classes.517.Students possibly will feel bored if they only study from textbook day by day. That is why internet can be good alternative media to improve students motivation in studying. By using internet as a learning media, students can see relevant pictures or animations, which are related to lesson. Based on some reliable researches, students motivation in studying can increase fast if teachers or lectures use pictures or animations in explaining lesson.5 2-1RESTRICTEDUn good Act Among Contractors Class F in SelangorUnethical Act Among Co ntractors Class F in Selangor1.0 INTRODUCTIONContractors are the independent entity that agree to construct certain number or quantity of goods, material, equipment strength ,or function that meet the requirement of specifications at a mutually cost with a specific timeframe with another independent entity call contractee or project owner (Oxford Times). All avowers are rated Class F are Bumiputera. According to word (160(2)) the concept of a bumiputra ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by activist Tunku Abdul Rahman. It recognized the special position of the Malays provided in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, in particular Article 153. But, the constitution does not use the term bumiputra it defines only Malay and aborigine (Article 160(2)).This means that the contractile organ is Class F Bumiputera contractile organs and do not need to apply for Recognition of Bumiputera. According to PKK (Pusat Khidmat Kontractor) until 26th June 2010 there are 4210 registered class F contractors in Selangor.A countrys economic system, irrespective expression application plays a role in, mental synthesis industry plays a lusty role in a countrys national economic system (Zantanidis Tsiotras, 1998). Indeed, this sphere is an important employer of a nations manpower as it employs between 2% to 10% of total men of most countries (Abdul Rashid Hassan, 2005). Malaysia has gained an impressive economic growth during the last three decades (Abdul Rahman et al, 2005) and this sector has employed an estimated 798,200 workforce nationwide in 2004 (CIDB, 2006). The Malaysian Government has given a much needed boost to the countrys construction industry under the 9th Malaysian Plan where a total of 880 projects worth RM15billion is to be tendered (The Star, 2006). It should be foregrounded that the issue of poor flavour in the construction sector has, nevertheless. been identified as a major event to even as far back as the mid 1980s (The Star, 2006). Generally, i t is a rule that construction projects must be spotless within the be after cost, scheduled time and required quality. Quality may sometimes be ignored in this industry to cut the costs or to shorten the project time (Turk, 2006). To fence with the low quality problem faced by the industry, quality management is seen as an approach to achieve the required level of quality of the end product and has been given great attention global over the past three decades (Hiyassat, 2000 Berawi and Woodhead, 2005). However, there is a perception that majority of quality related issues are caused by human factor. In response to that perception, a study was performed to look into the relationship between professional morals among participants of construction sector and the quality related issues in Malaysian construction sector. It should be noted that for this purpose of field of study, contractors and clients are regarded as professions and they are required to demonstrate a high gradatio n of professionalism in performing their task, in response to the Governments effort who has introduced the National Integrity Plan to enhance integrity and ethics in the nation. Unethical acts of fraud, waste, abuse, and corrupt practices are what receive prominent treatment in the media worldwide. Such as inappropriate gifts, unauthorized payments, and fiscal infractions are the unethical act problems most noted.The Conference visiting card in New York reported that the above issues have widespread agreement on each of these issues as being a serious concern among the leading of the free world, including those in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Australia. Due to the increased of public awareness toward the contractor unethical acts and also decreased of public tolerance for wrong-doing, it is important for contractor to focus specifically on the question of how professional ethics should be incorporated into awareness of individual to make sure every projects should be com pleted as standard.The ethical narrative can describe the act was right or wrong, or act with a right or wrong which it can provide a line of distinction between good and evil of the act or the tendency of a person or at to the lowest percentage point it can develop guidelines that can be made with various moral considerations(J.L Mackie, 1971). Ethical act are very important because it use to determine the thoughts, actions and carriage of members of the organization to fulfill their responsibility and trust as an employee. It is also to create statements and coordination between the contractors as a key institution for national development. Ethical act also important to maintain and improve client confidence in the organization, 84% of FMIs respondents said that theyve seen an unethical act committed in the construction industry in the past year is an alarming statistic. Contractors, can take little comfort in the probability that incidence of unethical behavior is just as hig h in other industries these days. FMI had offer four solution and one of the solutions is to stiffer the penalties for those caught in unethical or illegal acts is the least likely to succeed. Secondly, the FMI had suggest to develop an industry-wide cypher of ethics which these codes of ethics need to be performd in every country. A less formal but corollary solution would hit walking(prenominal) to home. Companies should place more emphasis on social responsibility in their dealings with other firms. This approach is easier said than done, of course, although a few respondents in the survey say they have walked away from projects or companies and suffered short-term consequences as a result. They did not indicate, however, that they regretted their decisions in the long term.Training in ethical conduct is the twenty-five percent solution, and its the one that holds the most promise as long as it is coupled with commitment to these practices from the top ranks of any constructi on company. The FMI report states that unethical acts can taper a failure of management to know how to get the job done the right way.1.2 Problem statementDue to many issues in our country regarding construction industry that lead to the unethical act by the contractors in running the projects such as the issue on the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring path 2( MRR2 ), Matrade structure and also the issue on the Navy Recruit Center. If this ethical issue still going on in our construction industry, it will affect our construction quality. According to the Works Minister Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu, more than 18,000 contractors and sub-contractors were either paid late or have yet to receive payment for completed work totaling RM23.7billion since 2000. This is a very huge sum, about 14% of the allocation for development projects under the 9th Malaysia Plan. The pull Industry Development Board (CIDB) had carried out a six-month survey on 330 contractors, in which 273 cases of payment problems i nvolving RM877.8mil were reported. Another example for the issue in Malaysian construction industry is the Plaza Rakyats project. The government will issue a sample notice to the Plaza Rakyat project contractors to continue the project as early as next week, initially, and if defaults, the tender will be forfeited. Minister of Federal grunge and Welfare Commissioner, Datuk Raja Nong Chik Raja Zainal A squallin said, a notice will be given to contractors in a week or two so that they continue construction work.1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH.The aim of this research as far as the unethical act among contractors class F in Selangor is concerned, is to get word the effect in the construction quality. These main objectives are broken down to more specific objectives in order to better understand the topic at hand. To achieve the desired aim of the research, there are some of the objectives had been choose for this research.Objectives for this research areAssess the level of p rofessional ethical standards and its practice in the Selangor construction industry,To identify the problems associated to unethical acts in construction industryDetermine the role of professional ethics in improving quality management in construction industry.1.4 governing of StudyChapter 1 introduces the research topic. It discussed about the unethical acts, definition of contractor, definition of bumiputera, issue related to unethical acts in construction industry problem statement and the objectives that initiated this study.Chapter 2 involves the extensive review of literature relating to the relevant topic of the subject matter of research including the professional ethic and relationship between ethic and construction.Chapter 3 discussed the methodology used in this study. It includes the developed hypothesis and data collection methods. It also includes a brief explanation on the data analysis methods.Chapter 4 reports data analysis and findings of the survey obtained from the findings.Chapter 5 involves detail finding and discussion on the result of survey base on the analysis.Chapter 6 present conclusions and good word based on the findings of the study. Key recommendation and their future prospect have been outlined which may assist in future plans to facilitate knowledge sharing plan in school.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn this chapter a great extent of literature of relevant concepts are being reviewed in order to get insight of and identify variables which have impact on the objectives of this research. The researches which are done by different scholars and researches will be reviewed.2.1 Quality In anatomical structure IndustryQuality is a measure of excellence or a state of being free from defects, deficiencies, and significant variations, brought about by the strict and consistent adherence to measurable and verifiable standards to achieve uniformity of output that satisfies specific customer or user requirements. ISO 8402- 1986 standard defines quality as the kernel of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied needsSince tribal chiefs, kings, and pharaohs ruled the issues of quality have already existed (Gitlow, 2005). In a project scenario, quality can be defined as meeting the legal, aesthetic (Arditi Gunaydin, 1997) and functional requirements of a project (Berawi, 2006). Customers nowadays place more emphasis on the quality of products rather than the price which was the major concern in the past. Hence, a rapid expansion of international aspiration in quality has occurred (Tsiotras Gotzamani, 1996 Abdul Rahman Berawi, 2002). In America, the professional societies have prepared codes of ethics since before early twentieth century. These have been incorporated to a greater or lesser microscope stage into the regulatory laws of various countries. Such as The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in the UK, they have a code of ethics incorporated into its standards of conduct and as for Canadian societies of professional designs likewise have such codes of conduct as well (Bowen, P., R. Pearl and A. Akintoye. 2007). Mainly for practical and professional use, codes of ethics are developed for supplementing the expression codes and other acts of law. These ethical aspects were considered based on mans natural morals (Darabarek Symotink, 1999).In terms of quality in construction industry, Turk (2006), citing Arditi Gunaydin (1999), mentioned that high quality building project includes factors like the design being easily understandable and applicable, conformity of design with specifications, economics of construction, ease of operation, ease of maintenance and energy efficiency. According to S. Fryer, Buro Happold, UK (2007), no matter how clever or elaborate the design of a structure is, any construction project will ultimately be judged on the quality of the absolute product. Zantanidis Tsiotras (1998) a nd Abdul Rahman Berawi (2002) mentioned the expectations for quality construction projects will continue to grow rapidly as the number of affluent, educated and quality conscious customers are increasing.With the globalization of economy, construction firms worldwide are actively engaged to achieve internationally accepted quality levels to ensure their position in the emerging international market especially in those developing economies. Thus, the need to have a proper system that ensures quality is critical, coupled with high level of attention paid to quality management in construction industry (Abdul Rahman, Berawi, et al, 2006). Scholars indicate that quality management has been adopted by many countries in their construction industry including Hong Kong (Leung et al, 1999 Au Yu, 1999 and Tang Kam, 1999), Singapore ( dispirited Omar, 1999 and Low Yeo, 1997), Greece (Tsiotras Gotzamani, 1996 and Zantanidis Tsiotras, 1998), Turkey (Turk, 2006), Jordan (Hiyassat, 2000), Sa udi Arabia (Bubshait Al Atiq, 1999), Sweeden (Landin, 2000), United States (Chini Valdez, 2003), South Africa (Rwelamilla, 1995) and Malaysia (Chew Chai, 1996). As for Malaysia,we have the code of ethics for contractor which need to be followed by the contractors. In that code of ethic it emphasizes more about the level of professionalism, productivity, and quality. Excellence in the construction industry is very much determined by the level of efficiency, productivity, quality and professionalism in the delivery services. The delivery of construction services is connected directly or closely related integrity of the construction contractors in the performance responsibilities. This aspect has been dealt with when Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP) 2006-2015 enacted. CIMP has given special emphasis on increasing productivity, image and professionalism in the construction industry as the strategic thrusts of this industry to greater high. For this purpose CIMP also has propo sed legislation Code of ethics to further streng whence the practice of values and moral ethics among contractors in the country in implementation of construction works. Many developers were also fined for not conforming to the Housing Development Act, including not preparing reports on schedule, especially work progress reports every six months (NST, 2010). This quality in our construction industry can be improved if everybody doing their part. For every developer, starting a new housing project is a new business. So, if they understand their responsibility as a developer and follow the agreement, they must complete the projects according to the dates set. According to Michael S. Poles, the quality of the construction can be control by competence supervision. It is the duty of the contractor to complete the work covered by his or her contract, in accordance with the okay plans and specifications. The contractor must carefully study the approved plans and specifications and should plan their schedule of operations well ahead of time. If at any time it is discovered that the work which is being done is not in accordance with the approved plans and specifications, the contractor should immediately correct the work. In order to assure that the work being done is in accordance with the approved plans and specifications, the contractor must always supervise, and coordinate of all of the work that need to be completed.2.2 Professional Ethic in Construction IndustryProfession is an occupation that requires both advanced study and mastery of a specialized body of knowledge and undertaken to promote, ensure or harmlessguard some matter that significantly affects others well being (Vee Skitmore, 2003). Almost every profession has its codes of ethics to provide a framework for arriving at good ethical choices. Therefore, professional ethics is a system of norms to deal with both the morality and behavior of professionals in their day to day practice, and ascribes mora l responsibility not to an individual, but to all professionals practicing in a particular profession. For the building and designing professions, the incalculable value of human life demands nothing less than the highest moral considerations from those who might risk it otherwise (Mason, 1998, cited in Vee Skitmore,2003).Professional ethics concerns the moral issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public (Ruth Chadwick, 1998). The construction industry is a perfect environment for ethical dilemmas, with its low price mentality, fierce competition, and paper thin margin (FMI, 2006). Jordan (2005) stated that unethical behavior is taking a growing toll on the story of the industry. From a survey conducted by FMI, 63% of the respondents whom are the construction players feel that construction sector is tainted by unethical conducts (FMI, 2006). Surveys condu cted by researchers in Australia (Vee Skitmore, 2003) and South Africa (Pearl et al, 2005) identified several unethical conducts and ethical dilemmas in the construction industry such as corruption, negligence, bribery, conflict of interest, bid cutting, under bidding, collusive tendering, cover pricing, frontloading, bid shopping, withdrawal of tender, and payment game. It is discernable thatthere exist significant areas of concern pertaining to the ethical conducts practiced by the construction professionals.There are many other efforts taken to increase the ethical standards and integrity among the professionals in construction sectors worldwide. According to Pearl et al (2005), the regulatory professional Acts relating to the built environment professional sector in South Africa were totally overhauled in the late 1990s and a new suite of professional Acts were promulgated in 2000 to enhance the professionalism. Meanwhile, in America, the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) has updated its code of ethics to include a wider range of professional services as well as professional services among construction players (CMAA, 2006). A Standard of Professional Conduct to govern the ethical practices in the American civil technology profession was published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE, 2007). On the otherhand, Australia has their own codes of tendering to enhance fairness and transparency (Ray, 1997).In Malaysia, the government is very serious about improving ethics in both public and private sector. For instance, the construction industry has introduced codes of ethics for contractors to encourage self regulation among the contractor in this sector (The Star, 2006). Stakeholders of construction projects were asked to enforce the existing code of ethics to safeguard the engineers good name (The Star, 2006). The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) of Malaysia also host integrity courses for contractors to promote the importance of integrity and plans to make the course as a pre9requisite for contractors when renewing their registration (The Star, 2006). Finally, the launching of the Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP) by CIDB in 2004 also had in the master plan an objective to enhance professional ethics in the local construction industry (Construction Industry Master Plan 2006 2015). According to Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Kong Cho Ha, 1,345 developers and more than 5,000 directors of such companies involved in problematic projects have been blacklisted because they abandoned housing projects and also those that were not completed on schedule. They are not only been blacklisted, they also fined for not conforming to the Housing Development Act, including not preparing reports on schedule, especially work progress reports every six months(NST 2010).2.3 Relationship between Professional Ethic and Quality Related IssuesBesterfield et al (2003) mentioned quality is d ependent on ethical behavior, whereby quality and ethics have a common care premise which is to do right things right and it is a proven way to reduce costs, improve competitiveness, and create customer satisfaction. It is evident that lowethical standards among construction professional will lead to quality problem. These issues were highlighted in the media and received great concern of public (Fleddermann, 2004 NST, 2004 and RTM, 2006).As an example, the ethical related case in the construction industry was the collapse of the Hyatt Regency Kansas City walkways (Fleddermann, 2004). It is a hotel project in 1970s with walkways suspended over the large atrium. With the intention to barely the cost, the subcontractor for the fabrication and erection of atrium steel suggested changes in the structure and it was approved by the consulting structural engineer. During the construction, part of the atrium collapsed and the engineer came out with the report saying that the design was saf e and ready to be opened for business in 1980. The tragedy happened one year after the completion of the project during a dancing party in the atrium lobby. Some of the walkways on which people were dancing collapsed onto the crowded atrium floor, leaving more than a hundred people died and almosttwo hundred injuries. Investigation was then conducted by the Missouri Board of Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors reported that the original design was only marginally acceptable to the Kansas City building code where the walkways would only have had approximately 60% of the capacity required by the code. The situation was even worse in the new design proposed by the steel subcontractor and approved by the engineer. The consultant was found negligence in its investigation of the atrium collapse and places too much reliance on the subcontractor. Therefore, the engineer has been charged for negligence, incompetence, and misconduct. Both the engineer and the consultant firm lose license of practicing. This case strongly indicates that unethical behaviour will lead to quality problems and structural failures.In Malaysia, as an example, a newly opened specialist hospital in Johor Bahru was closed due to fungi attack on the equipments and walls (RTM 2006). It was found that many of the hospitals equipments such as group O piping and sewerage system are not according to the specifications. This clearly shows the poor ethics of the contractor who failed to do right things right. The contractor was given three months to rectify problems including leaking pipes, broken ceilings and faulty air conditioning ducts (NST, 2004). Another substandard quality of construction project in Malaysia is the RM238 million Middle Ring Road Two (MRR2) flyover which was closed to traffic after cracks were found in 31 pillars and structural movements were detected (The Sun, 2004). The Government engaged an independent consultant from the United Kingdom to investigate the defe cts. The independent consultant identified that design deficiencies and improper anchoring of the columns to the crossbeam were the main cause of the cracks (NST, 2004). Design deficiency is found to be a negligence on the design team and the repair works was then carried out at an estimated cost of RM20 million. Contractors confront dozens of issues, many of which have substantial impact on their own self or organization, as well as others involved in the project. Many decisions have a straight send answer determined by contract language or budget. Some, however, require entering an indistinct gray zone where the contractor must use ruff judgment to devise a course of action. Ethical questions raised include what happens when professional codes and regulations lag behind technological innovations what precautions must engineers take when trying to remnant the benefits, new technologies bring against risks to public safety, often associated with engineering innovation and what ar e engineering and corporate responsibilities to the public for failed innovation and should he hold then payments for the benefit of his organization. Often these challenges are managed with little or no preparation or formal guidelines and sometimes with negative results. Engineering ethics is attracting interest in colleges of engineering throughout the world. Therefore, the new technology must address the human being as its central subject and has to be introduced by ethics (Cywinski, Z. 2001). The construction of the new national palace at Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur has doubled in a period of four years from RM400 million to RM 811 million. Contracts for the construction were awarded to three companies through direct negotiations kinda of open tenders ( NST 2003). Government will focus on overcoming the problem leakage of tenders in the Ninth Malaysia Plan (RMK-9) are exploring the possibility of tightening conditions of the application to the contractor class F. Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development Minister Datuk Mohamed Khaled Nordin said the conditions were studied for class F contractors license applicant is to ensure that applicants undergo interview, examination, has offices and operations primer of the net. The number of contractors has increased dramatically recently that 46.983 of the contractors registered with the Contractor Service Centre (PKK) in the country. Of the total, 35,544 are Class F contractors. The contractors will face intense competition in seeking jobs or contracts, and more disturbing is the number of contractors that own more than the number of contracts offered, especially from the government.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.0 IntroductionThis constituent describes the methodology used in conducting this research. It starts by describing the sample selection, research design, variables and hypothesis and continues with the description of the methods of data collection and data analysis. Finally, some of the limitations and k ey assumption of the findings are described.Primary source were used to collect data from the sample to assess the perception of respondents toward knowledge management and knowledge sharing, the school culture and work environment, individual barriers and organization barriers toward knowledge sharing. The selected data was tested and conclusions were drawn. There are 6 procedures used in completing this study.First, a review of literature was conducted. The review was focused on the emergence of knowledge economy and knowledge management. Then the roles of knowledge sharing were discussed. A further potential barrier toward knowledge sharing was reviewed. uncertain which has affected on knowledge sharing was also discussed. The review of literature served as a frame work for the study, and offered contrasting opinions of the authors.Second, a rough muster of the survey instrument and possible methods of testing and assessment of variables was done. A questionnaire was tested and validated before implementation reviewed for preventing any bias and avoiding errors. Questionnaire survey is the main research methodology used to achieve the research objectives. Five hundred ( viosterol) sets of questionnaires were distributed to targeted respondents in Selangor state by post ,via the internet , by hand. Targeted respondents ranging from consultant firms and contractor personnel within Selangor area .To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire survey, the sample size taken was then compared to match with the sample size recommended by Krejcie and Morgan (Sekaran, 2000 295).Third, a survey was implemented. Questionnaire was sent to the list of all class F contractors which registered under PKK within Selangor area.Fourth, the result of the survey was assessed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 15.0 software. The result were tested and presented with illustration. Scores were converted into percentage rating and presented in graphical format us ing excel 2003.Fifth, the conclusion was driven from data analysis and findings. Important points were highlighted and recommendations were given.Research DesignThe research was designed to explore the unethical acts among contractors regarding the issue on the construction quality in Selangor.The data produced from the research was then analyzed so that the following objective could be achieved.The stated hypothesis could be tested and further recommendations could be made with regard to specific focus of this research.To identify areas for further, and more specific areas of researchQuantitative method utilizing survey method is used for gathering information.VariablesVariables are classified into three groups including dependent variables, moderate variables and independent variables. unfree VariableUnethical act is considered as dependent variableIndependent VariableContractors and construction quality are considered as independent variables. information line of battleA compreh ensive literature review and self administered questionnaire were used to provide an insight to the study. These instruments provide informative ideas on the possible issued experienced by factors touch on perception of respondents about unethical acts will effected the construction qualityThe survey aimed is to target contractor class F in Selangor. The aimed was chosen because of two reasons. Firstly, there are too many contractors class F in Selangor. Secondly, the issues that involved contractor class F are more major in our construction industry and this give the author the possibility to sent the questionnaires to some contractor firm on one to one basis. The author would have preferred a larger sample of respondents to participate in the research, but due to limitation of time, this was not possible.The survey was aimed at the contractors class F in Selangor area. Data were serene from 500 contractors selected randomly from different firm and background. Questionnaire was send through mail and respondents were given three weeks to respond before they were send back to the author.3. 4 Research AssumptionsWhen conducting this study a number of assumptions have been made with regards to the literature reviewed and the respondent sample selected. These assumptions are identified as below.The secondary data collected from various resources have been assumed to be valid and based on the research done by authors.The secondary data has been assumed to present public interest as a whole and without any biases.The respondents have responded to the questionnaire without any biasness and to the best of their abilities.Instrumental BiasesIn administrating the questionnaire, there has been a significant degree of biasness that was exercised by researcher. The questionnaire was developed based on the respondents. This minimizes the respondent biasness to a certain level. Various scaling methods were utilized where appropriate to minimize biasness.Sample sizeApproxi mately 500 contractors were randomly selected from the target population of different firms. The simple random sampling method was utilized in this situation. This was to deter any sample biasness that could have belie the result. The respondents samples of contractors were surveyed in the Selangor area. The contractors who responded came from various hierarchy levels of different firms.Scaling of QuestionnaireIn order in measure the operationally defined and elements of a variable, the rating scale has been used to elicit responses with regard to the person studied. A number of rating scales techniques and measurements were utilized when administrating questionnaire involving Category scale and Likert scale. ExampleCategory ScaleWhat is your highest educational qualification?PHD degree Bs degreeMs degree Diploma/STPMKnowledge sharing is fully supported by school administrator.Extremely take issue/ Strongly disagree/ Disagree /Agree /Strongly Agree/Extremely A